biotechnology

what is genetic engineering?

the ability to alter the DNA of an organism in order to get the traits that are desired

how do gene splicing and gene therapy differ? how are they alike?

gene splicing, or recombinant DNA, involves bringing together genetic material from multiple organisms, creating a new sequence that would not be found in any of the original organisms while gene therapy involves adding or deleting segments of genes to correct or get rid of genetic disorders; this method of adding and deleting genes is called gene therapy. they can both make a subject resistant to a disease

what types of diseases can gene therapy be used to treat?

cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and muscular dystro

how are viruses used in gene therapy?

they naturally bind to their hosts and introduce their genetic material

what is the importance of the human genome project?

successfully completed mapping our genes in 2003 by identifying all of the approximately 80,000 genes in human DNA

what is selective breeding and how is it beneficial?

selecting two organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation

besides horse breeders, who else might use selective breeding?

dog breeders

what is inbreeding?

when two organisms that have very similar or the same characteristics are mated

why do genetic disorders become more apparent in offsprings that are a result of inbreeding?

because those disorders get passed down in the population with no new genes being introduced

what has happened to the population of cheetahs as a result of the ice age and inbreeding?

they are derived from as few as twenty cheetahs that provided the climate crisis and have genetics problems, such as deformation in male sperm

what interesting type of car can be made from hybridization?

liger

what is a plasmid?

small circular piece of DNA

what are restriction enzymes used for in nature?

they are used as molecular scissors to cut the DNA in specific locations

what is meant by a "sticky end"?

a nucleotide that is left dangling that is looking to reconnect

in a criminal case, the person can only be a match if…?

the persons DNA profile matches the DNA evidence on scene

in a paternity case, you need to compare the possible dad"s DNA to the ____ DNA and the ______ DNA; ____ of the kids bands should be the same as mom and ____ should be the same as dad

mom's; child's; half; half

gel electrophoresis is a technique used to create…?

separations in DNA fragments through carrying electricity

DNA fingerprints are used to compare people's DNA in the field of _ to help solve crimes

forensic science

the DNA is cute into pieces by a…?

restriction enzymes

the DNA is loaded into _ at one end of the….?

wells; agarose gel

an electric current is applied to the gel, and the charged DNA moves toward the _ side of the gel

negative; positive

smaller fragments of the DNA move because it is easier for them to move through the gel matrix

faster

when the fragments of DNA start to reach the end of the gel, the electricity is turned off

shortest

the shorter fragments of DNA are…. from the wells and the longer fragments of DNA are…. to the wells

farther; closer

what does PCR stand for?

polymerase chain reaction

what part of DNA causes it to have the negative charge?

phosphate groups

recombinant DNA technology is…?

when you combine DNA of two different organisms

in order for gene therapy to be successful, what has to happen?

the replacement gene is expressed in the person

a DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from different sources is called?

recombinant DNA

what is the second step in the PCR process?

annealing

which stage involves the highest temperature?

denaturing

how often is the PCR procedure usually repeated?

20-40 times out of

what is the purpose of PCR?

to make many copies of DNA fragments

why are ladders used when running the fragments through the electrophoresis chamber?

provides a reference point for the samples

why do larger molecules move slower through the agarose gel?

the agarose has a high density, DNA has difficulty moving

what cuts the DNA at specific locations?

restriction enzymes

what is the first step of genetic engineering?

isolating the desired gene

what is an advantage of GM food?

cows with more milk because they have recombinant DNA

GM plants produce…?

more food for the same acreage

why do farmers choose GM crops over non-GMO's?

they are more productive than organic

what is gene therapy?

the replacing of an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene

what is biotechnology?

the study of how technology effects life