metabolic pathway that will harvest the energy stored in glucose under aerobic conditions
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c6h12o6
GLUCOSE
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6o2
OXYGEN
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6co2
CARBON DIOXIDE
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6h2o
WATER
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c6h12o6 + 6o2 ---> 6co2 + 6h2o
glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy
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glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy
c6h12o6 + 6o2 ---> 6co2 + 6h2o
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mitochondria
where does respiration occurs
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mitochondria
double membrane organelle where respiration occurs, located in plant and animal cells but not bacteria
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endosymbiotic theory
suggest that organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplast within the eukaryotic cell came about as the end of endosymbiosis between prokaryotic cells and a host cell (eukaryotic cell)
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have their own DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and reproduce independently of cell
evidence to support endosymbiosis
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outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix
structures of mitochondria
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outer membrane
the outermost boundary of the mitochondria
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inner membrane
innermost membrane of the mitochondria
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matrix
enzyme filled space of the inner membrane
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cristae
folds and grooves of the inner membrane
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glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport system
3 reactions of respiration
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glycolysis
oldest chemical reaction because all cells perform this chemical reaction, anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm, chemical reaction that breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate
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krebs cycle
always follow glycolysis if oxygen is present in the cell, aerobic chemical reaction, first reaction of respiration to occur in the mitochondria and in the matrix of the mitochondria, converts pyruvate into ATP, co2, and NADH (rechargeable battery)
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electron transport system
always follows krebs cycle, occur in the cristae of the mitochondria, it is an aerobic chemical reaction, produce the largest amount of ATP
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fermentation
alternate pathway to respiration, always follow glycolysis if oxygen is NOT present in the cell, anaerobic chemical reaction and produce the largest amounts of ATP
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first law of thermodynamics
energy can not be created or destroyed
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second law of thermodynamics
as energy changes forms the amount of useable energy decreases and heat increases
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kinetic energy
energy of movement/motion
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potential energy
stored energy
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chemical reaction
building and breaking of chemical bonds
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reactatns
starting materials that used up/consumed in a chemical reaction
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products
final material that is formed/produces in a chemical reaction
reaction in which the products have more energy than the reactants, energy must be put into the reaction system, reactions are anabolic
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anabolic
you are building and maintaining your muscle mass
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exergonic
reaction in which the reactants have more energy than the products, energy is released from the reaction system, and reactions are catabolic
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catabolic
you are breaking down or losing overall mass both fat and muscle
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coupled reaction
using an exergonic reaction to start and endergonic reaction
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proteins
amino acids are the monomers/simple building units and have the ability to form four different structures
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amino acids
what are the monomers of proteins?
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primary structure
the amino acid linear order
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secondary structure
the bending and twisting of the linear order and formed because of hydrogen bonding
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tertiary structure
refers to the 3 dimensional shape of proteins. most common structure
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quaternary structure
refers to many 3D shapes
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enzymes
biological catalyst, 3d/tertiary structure, speed up chemical reactions, bind substrates to speed up chemical reactions, and decrease chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy
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catalyst
molecules that speed up chemical reactions
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active site
pocket enzyme where substrates bind to speed up chemical reactions
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cells
control synthesis of enzymes to meet needs
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cells
make certain enzymes in the inactivate form and only activate when needed
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cells
inhibit/stop the function of enzymes when adequate products are present
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allosteric regulation and competitive
2 cellular controls of enzymes
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allosteric regulation
enzyme is enhanced or suppressed by a small organic molecule presence
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competitive inhibition
two or more molecules that are similar in structure compete for the same active site of an enzyme
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pH, salt concentration, and temperature
3 environments that cause enzyme denaturation
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denaturation
permanent change in the enzyme shape
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pH
most enzymes function a 6-8 neutral, a decrease/increase causes denaturation
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salt concentration
high or low salt concentration could change the structure of enzymes and destroy their function
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temperature
excessively high or low of this causes denaturation
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independent variable
what is being tested
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dependent variable
result, measurable outcomes
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standardized variable
anything the investigator holds constant in the experiment
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control
standard for comparison and does not contain independent variable
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idea-hypothesis-theory-law
progression of scientific information
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every living thing composed of one cell all living things begin as a cell all cells come from other cells
3 parts of cell theory
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prokaryotic
bacteria, no membrane bound nucleus, cell wall and simple in structure
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eukaryotic
plants and animals, membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, and complex in structure
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central dogma theory
all genetic info flows from DNA to RNA to proteins
Studied by 10 people
Note 
Flashcard (30)