BIO FINAL EXAM REVIEW

respiration

metabolic pathway that will harvest the energy stored in glucose under aerobic conditions

c6h12o6

GLUCOSE

6o2

OXYGEN

6co2

CARBON DIOXIDE

6h2o

WATER

c6h12o6 + 6o2 ---> 6co2 + 6h2o

glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy

glucose + oxygen ---> carbon dioxide + water + energy

c6h12o6 + 6o2 ---> 6co2 + 6h2o

mitochondria

where does respiration occurs

mitochondria

double membrane organelle where respiration occurs, located in plant and animal cells but not bacteria

endosymbiotic theory

suggest that organelles such as the mitochondria and chloroplast within the eukaryotic cell came about as the end of endosymbiosis between prokaryotic cells and a host cell (eukaryotic cell)

have their own DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and reproduce independently of cell

evidence to support endosymbiosis

outer membrane, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix

structures of mitochondria

outer membrane

the outermost boundary of the mitochondria

inner membrane

innermost membrane of the mitochondria

matrix

enzyme filled space of the inner membrane

cristae

folds and grooves of the inner membrane

glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport system

3 reactions of respiration

glycolysis

oldest chemical reaction because all cells perform this chemical reaction, anaerobic, occurs in cytoplasm, chemical reaction that breaks down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate

krebs cycle

always follow glycolysis if oxygen is present in the cell, aerobic chemical reaction, first reaction of respiration to occur in the mitochondria and in the matrix of the mitochondria, converts pyruvate into ATP, co2, and NADH (rechargeable battery)

electron transport system

always follows krebs cycle, occur in the cristae of the mitochondria, it is an aerobic chemical reaction, produce the largest amount of ATP

fermentation

alternate pathway to respiration, always follow glycolysis if oxygen is NOT present in the cell, anaerobic chemical reaction and produce the largest amounts of ATP

first law of thermodynamics

energy can not be created or destroyed

second law of thermodynamics

as energy changes forms the amount of useable energy decreases and heat increases

kinetic energy

energy of movement/motion

potential energy

stored energy

chemical reaction

building and breaking of chemical bonds

reactatns

starting materials that used up/consumed in a chemical reaction

products

final material that is formed/produces in a chemical reaction

anabolic/synthesis, catabolic/hydrolysis, endergonic, exergonic, coupled reaction

5 types of chemical reactions

anabolic/synthesis

chemical reaction that builds molecules

catabolic/hydrolysis

chemical reaction that destroys molecules

endergonic

reaction in which the products have more energy than the reactants, energy must be put into the reaction system, reactions are anabolic

anabolic

you are building and maintaining your muscle mass

exergonic

reaction in which the reactants have more energy than the products, energy is released from the reaction system, and reactions are catabolic

catabolic

you are breaking down or losing overall mass both fat and muscle

coupled reaction

using an exergonic reaction to start and endergonic reaction

proteins

amino acids are the monomers/simple building units and have the ability to form four different structures

amino acids

what are the monomers of proteins?

primary structure

the amino acid linear order

secondary structure

the bending and twisting of the linear order and formed because of hydrogen bonding

tertiary structure

refers to the 3 dimensional shape of proteins. most common structure

quaternary structure

refers to many 3D shapes

enzymes

biological catalyst, 3d/tertiary structure, speed up chemical reactions, bind substrates to speed up chemical reactions, and decrease chemical reactions by decreasing the activation energy

catalyst

molecules that speed up chemical reactions

active site

pocket enzyme where substrates bind to speed up chemical reactions

cells

control synthesis of enzymes to meet needs

cells

make certain enzymes in the inactivate form and only activate when needed

cells

inhibit/stop the function of enzymes when adequate products are present

allosteric regulation and competitive

2 cellular controls of enzymes

allosteric regulation

enzyme is enhanced or suppressed by a small organic molecule presence

competitive inhibition

two or more molecules that are similar in structure compete for the same active site of an enzyme

pH, salt concentration, and temperature

3 environments that cause enzyme denaturation

denaturation

permanent change in the enzyme shape

pH

most enzymes function a 6-8 neutral, a decrease/increase causes denaturation

salt concentration

high or low salt concentration could change the structure of enzymes and destroy their function

temperature

excessively high or low of this causes denaturation

independent variable

what is being tested

dependent variable

result, measurable outcomes

standardized variable

anything the investigator holds constant in the experiment

control

standard for comparison and does not contain independent variable

idea-hypothesis-theory-law

progression of scientific information

every living thing composed of one cell
all living things begin as a cell
all cells come from other cells

3 parts of cell theory

prokaryotic

bacteria, no membrane bound nucleus, cell wall and simple in structure

eukaryotic

plants and animals, membrane bound nucleus, mitochondria, and complex in structure

central dogma theory

all genetic info flows from DNA to RNA to proteins

replication

DNA making more DNA

translation

RNA making proteins

transcription

DNA making RNA

mitosis

asexual, 4 phases, diploid, genetically identical cells

prophase

1st phase of mitosis, makes chromosomes invisible

metaphase

2nd phase of mitosis and chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

3rd phase and chromosomes separate and sister chromatids move to opposite ends

telophase/cytokinesis

4th and final phase of mitosis. results in two separate cells
cleavage furrow in animals and cell plate formation in plants

meiosis

occurs in sex cells, haploid, genetically different cells, gametes and egg cells. includes process ofseperation crossing over

meiosis 1

separation of homologous chromosomes

meiosis 11

separation of sister chromatids

crossing over

exchanging of genetic info between homologous chromosomes