HBS Unit 3

3.1.4-3.1.7

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

Total volume of the lungs: The sum of the vital capacity and residual volume.

Vital Capacity (VC)

Amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation.

Tidal Volume (TV)

The volume of air breathed in and out without conscious effort.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation. The lungs are never emptied under normal conditions.

Total Lung Capacity formula

TLC = VC + RV

Vital Capacity formula

VC = TV + IRV + ERV

Respiratory zone

-respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

-site of gas exchange

-Made up of the lobular bronchiole, alveoli, and capillaries.

Trachea

A large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.

Lungs

Two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration. They filter air, trapping pollen, dust, and other particles. They produce surfactant which is a substance that alveoli heads to stop from collapsing.

Larynx

Voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords. The hollow muscular organ forming an air passage to the lungs and holding the vocal cords in humans and other mammals.

Pharynx

The membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. Passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. Also known as the throat.

Nasal cavity

Hollow space behind the nose, filters air as the NC contains mucus and hairs that capture and remove bacteria, pollen, dust, and other particles before they enter the lungs.

Bronchi

Two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs. They also moisture, warm, and clean the air before sending it to the lung's gas exchanging zone. The bronchi are lined epithelium with mucus creating goblet cells and ciliated cells.

Diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

Cartilaginous rings

Make the trachea rigid to keep the airway open, make the bronchi rigid to keep them open, are C shaped in the trachea and allow the esophagus to expand behind it, are not found in the esophagus

Epiglottis

A flap of cartilage at the root of the tongue, which is depressed during swallowing to cover the opening of the windpipe.

Bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli. They are the bronchial tree's smallest branches. Their walls lack cartilage rings, so they control airflow with smooth smooth muscle. They branch out to reach the alveoli.

Alveoli

Tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

Conducting zone

It provides a path for outgoing and incoming air, removes from the incoming pathogens and debris, and humidifies and warms the air. It does not participate in the gas exchange. The structures includes are the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.

Pulmonary Loop

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs for oxygen and cleaning

Pulmonary Arteries

The vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated

Pulmonary Veins

Carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart

Systemic Loop

Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body.

Peak flow

It is the max speed of the air being exhaled from the lungs.