AP HUG Exam Review

Demographic Transition Model

DTM, Waren Thompson, Transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from pre-industrial to industrialized, Has been reliable to analyze population growth in developed countries. Not so good for less developed countries, Yes, it is valid, Some less developed countries have instituted government programs based on the model to quickly reduce population growth

Overpopulation Theory

Thomas Malthus, Malthus foresaw the forced return to subsistence-level conditions once population growth had outpaced agricultural production, Strengths: Serve as a warning regarding population growth, Weakness: So far, agriculture has kept up with the population growth, Yes, it is valid. Although the thinking by neo-Malthusians is that the shortages are not just food, but water, petroleum, land, etc.

Boserup Theory

Ester Boserup', As population increases people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery fertilizers, etc, Seems to correctly identify how less developed countries cope. Is there a point at which the land cannot increase production?, It is probably valid today. However, as countries far exceed the ability of their land to support their populations, conflicts may be inevitable.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

This model focuses on the causes of death during each stage of the demographic transition model, Strengths: seems to explain the impact of development on disease and cause of death, Weakness: Stage 5 may or may not happen, Yes, it is valid. It is supported by documentary and archeological evidence. As to the rise of Stage 5, still an unknown.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

E.G Ravenstein, There are 3 categories of Laws: Who migrates; Distance they Migrate; Reasons they Migrate- Push and Pull Factors, Strengths: Still reflects migration patterns today, Weaknesses: Does not take into consideration illegal immigration, Yes, it is valid. But, today more women migrate because travel is safer

Heartland and Rimland Geopolitical Theories

Heartland: Makinder, Rimland: Spykman, Heartland: Heart of Eurasia is seat of world power, Rimland: The maritime periphery of Eurasia is key to world power, Strengths: WWII was prime example, Weaknesses: Each ignored the importance of the other, No this is NOT valid today. There must be a balance of both land and sea power for domination.

Organic Theory

Ratzel, (put forth environmental determinism), Nations are like living organisms: they must grow and eventually decline, Strength: Link to Social Darwinism, Yes, it is valid today since all empires so far have grown then declined

Social Darwinism

Natural selection to human society, arguing that the wealthy and powerful are "fittest" and therefore deserving of their success, while the poor and disadvantaged are "unfit" and deserve their fate.

Spatial Model of Farming

Von Thunen, Agricultural Model, Land-Use Model, This model explains the choice of crops on commercial farms, 2 Factors: Transportation and Land Value, Strength: Consistent with 19th Century Europe, Weakness: Based on featureless land in isolation, Yes, it is valid today, but it has been modified to reflect refrigeration and speedier transportation methods.

Least Cost Theory

Alfred Weber, "Where do I build my factory", The ideal industrial location minimizes cost of transportation, labor, and agglomeration, Strength: Explains bulk-gaining and bulk-reducing relationship, Weakness: Based on features land, Yes, it is valid today. However, industrial plants are far more "footloose" today

Modernization Theory (Stages of Development)

Rostow's Model, Dependency Model, International Trade Model, Model of economic growth stating all countries pass through 5 stages of development as their economies grow, Strength: Seem to have worked for Europe, US, 4 Asian Dragons and China, Weakness: makes newly developed countries dependent on MDC for trade, Yes, it is valid today, although it is much harder for MDC's to pass through the 5 stages of growth than Rostow's would indicate

World Systems Theory

Wallerstein, The international division of labor divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries. Core countries are rich and high skill while the rest of the world focuses on low skill, labor intensive and the extraction of raw materials, Strength: Constantly reinforce the dominance of the core countries, Weakness: It does not explain countries that developed and move up, This is not really valid. Wallerstein did not foresee the fall of communism, which was the system he though would help the peripheral countries

Sustainable Development

UN, Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs, Essential for continued life on Earth. MDC's greatly polluted the planet during their development yet push LDC's to reduce pollution during their, Yes, it is valid, It is essential to maintain life on Earth in the face of depleting resources.

Rank-Size Rule

George Kingsley, Describes the relationship between the largest city in a country and the other cities, 1/nth the size of the largest city, Strength: Demonstrates the wealth of the state (more even development across country), Weak: No perfect example, Yes, it is valid today. This model tends to work best on developed countries outside Europe, which tend to follow primate city.

Cartography

the science and art of drawing maps

Toponym

a place name

Global Grid System

a pattern formed on a map or globe, by lines of latitude (parallels) and lines of latitude (meridians)

Latitude / Parallels

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

Longitude / meridians

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Equator

an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and constituting the parallel of latitude 0°.

Prime Meridian

The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.

International Date Line

the line of longitude that marks where each new day begins, centered on the 180th meridian

Reference map

maps that emphasizes the location of places (without data attached).

Examples of reference maps

Political map, Physical map, Road Map

Political map

a map that shows the names and borders of countries

physical map

a reference map that shows land and water features

road map

before Google Maps, a map for drivers that showed the highways of an area. Boomers like them.

Thematic maps

a map that displays not only locations but maps a topic or theme of information with the location

types of thematic maps

Isoline, Chloropleth, Dot Distribution, cartogram, graduated symbol

Chloropleth Map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.

Isoline Map

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

Dot Distribution Map

A map where dots are used to demonstrate the frequency or intensity of a particular phenomena

Cartogram Map

A map in which the shape or size is distorted in order to demonstrate a variable such as travel, population or economic production

graduated symbol map

A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent.

Projection

a method of taking a 3D object and putting in on a 2D plane

Mercator Projection

a map projection of the earth onto a cylinder. Distorts the land area at the poles

Gall-Peters Projection

equal area projection that distorts the shape of land masses (looks stretched out)

Robinson Projection

A projection that maintains overall shapes and relative positions without extreme distortion. Most classrooms use this projection.

Scale

the relationship between the distance on the ground and the corresponding distance on a specific map

Absolute location

describing where something is using the exact site on an objective coordinate system

Relative location

describing the position of a place as compared to (or relative to!) another landmark

Absolute distance

describing how far a distance is quantitative units of distance (miles, kilometers, etc.)

Relative distance

describing the distance between locations using qualitative terms or non-traditional measurements of distance (one hour north of)

place

A specific point on Earth distinguished by particular characteristics.

location, site, and situation

the three different aspects of a place

site

The physical character of a place, including its geographic characteristics. For example the site of Istanbul includes the fact that it is on a land bridge connecting Asia and Europe, and also a water bridge (strait) connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean

location

the specific position of a place on Earth's surface

situation

the location of a place relative to the places that are around it- example: the situation of New Jersey is that it is part of a highly populated and connected area on the East Coast of the US

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

software that captures, manages, analyzes, and displays data that is collected geographically

GPS (Global Positioning System)

a system that measures distance from a series of satellites to determine location on the planet

Remote sensing

the science of making measurements of the earth using sensors on airplanes or satellites

Geospatial

relating to data that is specific to one location

Quantitative data

objective data that is fact based, usually measurable and usually expressed in numbers

Census

an official count of individuals in a population (in the USA, it happens every 10 years)

Qualitative data

subjective information that is opinion based, is usually descriptive, and often expressed as text

Case study

detailed observations that provide insight into a group of people in a specific area

3 Types of Distribution

density, concentration, and pattern

Density

the number of things divided by the measurement of area

Concentration

how closely packed together objects are

pattern

any regular geometric arrangement that a geographer can identify to how a characteristic is distributed

Cultural Landscape

the title of our textbook and more importantly, the visible changes that humans make to the enviroment including buildings, crops, and signs

Culture

the social heritage of a group or their way of life - major components are language, religion, ethnicity, food, and roles

Hearth

a source of culture (where a culture began). For example, the US is the hearth of fast food

Distance decay

the idea that the interaction between two places declines as the distance between them increases

Region

a place larger than a point and smaller than a planet that is grouped together because of a measurable or perceived common feature

Formal region

a region that is based entirely on something that can be identified and documented or measured - all government areas are this because they share a government

Functional region

a region based around a node or focal point - terrestrial radio broadcasts are an example of this

Vernacular/perceptual region

an area that shares a common qualitative characteristic, it's only a region because people believe it's a region

Friction of distance

a metaphor that explains that effort must be used to overcome distance

Globalization

worldwide integration and development which results in the expansion of international cultural, economic, and political activities

Infrastructure

the basic facilities and installations that help a government or community run, including roads, schools, phone lines, sewage treatment plants and power generation

Natural resource

a physical material constituting part of Earth that people need and value

Scale of analysis

how zoomed in or out you are when looking at geographic data

Spatial

it's not as complicated as it sounds - a fancy word for describing how things are organized in space

Spatial distribution

arrangement of a phenomenon across the Earth's surface

Spatial Interaction

the flow of goods, people, or information among places, in response to localized supply and demand

Gravity Model of Spatial Interaction

the most important model in geography - (population1 x population2)/distance squared - the interconnectedness of 2 places depends on their distance and population

Temporal

relating to time

Sustainability

the goal of the human race reaching equilibrium with the environment; meeting the needs of the present without while also leaving resources for future generations

Time-space compression

the idea that the world feels smaller than it used to because of increased technology in transportation and communication

Environmental determinism

the belief that a physical environment is THE reason that some societies are strong while others are weaker

Environmental possibilism

the belief that a physical environment plays a role in the development of a society, but is NOT the ONLY factor at work

Sub-Saharan Africa

a geographic and cultural region located to the south of the world's largest desert

Middle East

the historical name for Southwest Asia, including Iran, Iraq, the Eastern Mediterranean (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula

Southwest Asia

previously known as "the Middle East", it includes Iran, Iraq, the Eastern Mediterranean (Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel) and the Arabian Peninsula

Latin America

a geographic and cultural region that includes South America, Central America, and Mexico, as well as the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. Generally Spanish or Portuguese speaking and predominantly Catholic

Southeast Asia

the region south of China and east of India, composed of islands and peninsulas. Some Buddhist countries but also influenced by Islam

South Asia

the region south of the Himalayas, composed of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Primarily Hindu and Muslim. Nepal and Bhutan are Buddhist

Central Asia

the "stans". Many are predominantly Muslim and many are former republics of the Soviet Union

East Asia

Contains China, Japan, Korea, Mongolia

East Africa

Region of Africa considered to include Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi,Ethiopia & Somalia.

West Africa

a region of Africa that is close to the coast and includes Nigeria, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Senegal among other countries

North Africa

Region of Africa comprising the modern countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya. Culturally Muslim and ethnically Arab

Central Africa

Region of Africa that straddles the Equator and is drained largely by the Congo River system. Includes, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo among others

Southern Africa

A region including Namibia, Botswana Angola, Republic of South Africa, Zimbabwe

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Effects of Industrial Revolution

jobs in cities (urbanization), increased food supply (population growth), need for raw materials and new markets (colonialism, imperialism)

Second Agricultural Revolution

improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce in the 1700s and 1800s

seed drill

machine that sowed seeds in rows and covered up the seeds in rows, invented by Jethro Tull

reaper

A machine that cuts cereal grain standing in a field