Eng Lang Metalanguage

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Vowel Reduction

A phonetic process where vowels in unstressed syllables become less distinct, often shifting towards a neutral, mid-central sound like the schwa (/ə/), resulting in a shorter or "weaker" vowel sound.

Ellision

The omission of words or phrases, particularly when they are already known due to contextual information or because they have been referred to previously.

What is found in Phonological Patterning?

Alliteration, assonance, consonance, onomatopoeia, rhythm and rhyme.

Alliteration

The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.

Example: ‘In a summer season when soft was the sun’

Assonance

The repetition of vowel phonemes across phrases, clauses or sentences.

Example: Hazy shades of dappled light.

Consonance

The repetition of constant phonemes, often at syllable - final boundaries.

Send a tender kiss.

Onomatopoeia

The process which evocative words are created from the sound they represent.

- I heard the boom of the thunder as the storm passed overhead.

Rhythm

Created when the intonation of a set of words is repeated across two or more phrases, clauses or sentences.

Rhyme

Repetition of sounds of similar phonemes at the end of two or more words.

E.x: The cake was fake.

What does morphological patterning include?

Affixation
Abbreviation
Shortening
Compounding
Blending
Backformation
Conversion of word class
Initialism
Acronym
Contraction.

Affixation

A morphological process where affixes (prefixes, suffixes, or infixes) are added to a base word to create new words or change their meaning

E.x: The star was polluted by circumstellar material.

Abbreviation

A shortened form of a word or phrase, used for efficiency and brevity, and can include acronyms, initialisms, and contractions.

E.x: The temperature tomorrow will he 15*C
(Is for Celcius)

Shortening

The process of making something shorter, either physically or in terms of length or duration.

E.x: Batteries not incl.

Compounding

Defined as two or more free morphemes combining together for a word formation.
E.x: Gaslighting.

Blending

Defined as a contraction of two or more existing words to combine together to create a word.
E.x: Brunch
Breakfast and Lunch

Backformation

The process of removing an affix to create a new word.

Conversion of world class

The process where a word, belonging to one word class, is transferred to another word class without any change in its form.

Would you like me to calendar that meeting?

Initialism

A term formed by abbreviating a phrase by combining certain letters of words in the phrase (often the first initial of each) into a single term.

E.x: FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)

Acronym

Is a word formed by abbreviating a phrase by combining certain letters of words in the phrase (often the first initial of each) into a single term.

E.x: NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

Contraction

A shortened form of a word or group of words, often using an apostrophe to indicate omitted letters.

E.x: Can’t (Cannot)

What are included in word classes? (Lexicology)

Nouns (Including pronouns)
Verbs (Auxiliary and modal verbs)
Adjectives

Adverbs

Prepositions

Conjunctions (coordinators and subordinators)

Determiners
Interjections

Nouns