Hesi Anatomy and Physiology

body's maintenance of a stable environment

homeostasis

molecule or cell that provides information about the environment

receptors

indicates correct value (e.g. body temp)

control center (and set point)

What elicits a response that alters conditions within the body's internal environment. (e.g. muscles and glands)

effectors

When receptors measure deviations from the set point, effectors are activated and conditions are returned toward the set point and effectors gradually shut off. This movement toward homeostasis and balance is called .........

negative feedback

Homeostatic mechanisms that function when changes byeffectors move the body away from normal conditions, causing more changes, is called...... (examples are blood clotting and labor contractions)

positive feedback

Levels of organization

organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Cell components that perform a specific function

organelle

Basic unit of structure and function

cells

Groups of cells organized into layers or masses that have specific functions

tissues

Structures that perform a specialized function (comprised of tissues)

organs

Groups of organs that function together closely

Organ systems

Comprised of an interacting organ system

Organism

above, or closer to the head

superior

below, or closer to the feet

inferior

Toward the front

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the back

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the midline

medial

Away from the midline (closer to the sides)

lateral

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into right and left portions

Median (saggital) plane

Imaginary vertical line dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

Coronal/Frontal plane

Imaginary horizontal line dividing the body into superior and inferior

Transverse (cross-sectional)

Cranial and spinal cavity

Dorsal cavities (near the back)

Cavity that contains the brain

Cranial cavity

Cavity that contains the spinal cord and vertebrae

Spinal cavity (vertebral)

Ventral cavities (near the front of the body)

orbits, nasal, oral, thoracic, mediastinum, pericardial, pleural, and abdominopelvic (peritoneal)

Cavity that contains the eyes and associated skeletal muscles and nerves

orbits

Cavity that is divided into right and left portions by the nasal septum; air-filled sphenoid and frontal sinuses

Nasal cavity

Cavity that contains the teeth and tongue

Oral cavity

Cavity that contains the lungs (chest cavity)

thoracic cavity

Space between the lungs that contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus

Mediastinum

Potential space between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Pericardial cavity

Cavity containing the incus, malleus, stapes

middle ear cavities

Cavities (right and left) that are the potential space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes

Pleural cavities (lungs)

Cavity that extends from the diaphragm to the floor of the pelvis; includes stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

Abdominopelvic cavity

Cavity that is the potential space between the parietal and visceral peritoneal membranes

Peritoneal cavity

Body cavity membrane: which is a serous membrane that lines the lungs

Pleural membranes (parietal is the outside layer that lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, covering the lung)

Body cavity membrane: which serous membrane lines the heart?

Pericardial (parietal is the outside layer which lines the mediastinum, visceral is the inside layer, covering the heart)

Body cavity membrane: Which serous membrane lines the abdominopelvic cavity?

Peritoneal membranes (parietal is the outside layer which lines the cavity, visceral is the inside layer, lining the organs)

Four major tissue types

epithelial, connective, nerve, and muscle tissue

Which type of tissue is found throughout the body and covers the body, lines organs, found in the inner lining of body cavities and hollow organs?

epithelial

Which type of tissue always has an apical (free) surface exposed to an open space (inside or outside)?

epithelial

What nonliving membrane anchors epithelium to underlying connective tissue?

basement membrane

T/F Epithelial cells lack blood vessels, so they are supplied by underlying connective tissues

true

Functions of epithelial tissue

protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of thin, flattened cells that is thin and delicate, easily damaged?

simple squamos

Simple squamos tissue is common at sites where _ and _ occur, since substances pass through easily.

diffusion and filtration

Alveoli, walls of capillaries, inside the blood and lymph vessels, and membrane coverings in the cavities is where you can find this type of epithelial tissue.

Simple squamos

Which type of epithelial tissue is a single layer of cube-shaped cells?

Simple cuboidal

Which type of epithelial tissue lines follicles of thyroid gland, covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules, and ducts of glands (salivary glands, pancreas, and liver)?

Simple cuboidal

Simple cuboidal cells function in _ and _ and _

tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption, and secretes glandular products

Which type of epithelial tissue is either ciliated or nonciliated single layer of elongated cells, which form a good protective layer?

Simple columnar

Nonciliated simple columnar cells are found where?

portions of the GI tract

Functions of simple columnar cells include

secreting digestive fluids, absorbing nutrients, as microvilli for absorption, and as goblet cells that secrete mucus onto free surfaces (excretion)

Which type of epithelial tissue appears stratified, but isn't, and is commonly ciliated?

pseudostratified columnar

Examples of pseudostratified columnar tissue is...

lining of the respiratory system, and the cilia that sweep away the mucus that goblet cells create.

Type of epithelial tissue that is very thick and made up of many layers, that makes up the epidermis (skin)?

Stratified squamos

Where else is stratified squamos tissue found?

In the lining of the oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal

Protein that produces a covering of dry, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping and microorganisms from entering the epidermis

keratin

This type of epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cuboidal cells that form the lining of a lumen (space within a tube)

Stratified cuboidal

Stratified cuboidal is found where?

Lines larger ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas, developing ovaries, seminiferous tubules

Which type of epithelial tissue is several layers of columnar cells, in which the superficial cells are elongated and the basal cells are cuboidal?

Stratified columnar

Stratified columnar tissue is found where?

Lines part of the male urethra and ductus deferens and parts of the pharynx

Type of epithelial tissue that is specialized to change in response to increased tension. It lines the urinary bladder and prevents the contents of the bladder from diffusing back into the internal environment.

Transitional

Tissue that is specialized to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids

Glandular

Glandular cells are usually found within which two types of epithelium?

columnar and cuboidal

Two or more glandular cells compose a?

gland

Which type of gland secretes into a duct that opens onto an open surface? (skin or GI tract)?

Exocrine gland

Which type of gland secretes into tissue fluid or blood?

Endocrine gland

which type of gland releases fluids by exocytosis?

Merocrine gland

Which type of gland loses small portions of glandular cell bodies during secretion?

Apocrine gland

Which type of gland secretes entire cells along with fluids?

Holocrine gland

Thin structures that are usually composed of epithelium and underlying connective tissue

membrane

The four types of membranes are:

mucuous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous

Which membrane type lines the joints and is composed entirely of connective tissue?

synovial membrane

Which type of membrane lines tubes that open to the outside of the body, in which there are goblet cells inbetween epithelial cells that secrete mucous? (type of epithelium varies)

Mucous membranes

Which type of membrane lines cavities that DO NOT open to the outside and functions to reduce friction.

Serous membranes

Which membrane secretes watery serous fluid?

serous membranes

Which membrane forms the inner linings of the thorax and abdomen and is also composed of simple squamos epithelium and loose connective tissue?

serous membranes

Which membrane is "skin"

cutaneous

What is the most abundant tissue type by weight?

connective

Which tissue provides framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, protects against infection and helps repair tissue damage?

Connective tissue

Epithelial tissue forms?

glands and membranes

Blood, adipose tissue, bone, and cartilage are all examples of ..........

connective tissue

Protein fibers and ground substance between cells in connective tissue is called ___

Extracellular matrix

Cells that remain in their place

fixed cells

Cells that reside in different places in the body (do not remain in place)

Wandering cells

Star-shaped cells that produce fibers by secreting proteins into the extracellular matrix, found in connective tissue.

fibroblasts

What type of cell originates as a white blood cell, is usually attached to fibers in connective tissue but can detach, and functions as a scavenger cell (phagocytosis)?

macrophages

What type of cell is usually found near blood vessels in connective tissue and secretes heparin, which prevents blood clotting?

mast cells

Which cell releases histamine?

mast cell

What are thick threads of collagen with great tensile strength? They are often found in components of body parts which hold structures together, such as ligaments and tendons.

Collagenous fibers

Tissue containing abundant collagenous fibers

dense connective tissue

Tissue with sparse collagenous fibers

loose connective tissue

Which fibers are composed of a spring-like protein called elastin, and are yellow fibers?

Elastic fibers

What type of fiber is common in body parts that stretch such as the vocal cards and respiratory system?

elastic

What are thin collagenous fibers that are delicate supporting networks, such as in the spleen?

reticular fibers

What is the name for the connective tissue that forms delicate, thin membranes that binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles? (type of connective tissue)

Areolar tissue

What fibers form the delicate supporting framework for certain internal organs, e.g. liver, spleen, lymphatic organs

reticular fibers

What type of connective tissue is rigid and provides support, frameworks, and attachments?

cartilage