Changing political landscape 1917-45

What does 'Normalcy' refer to in the context of post-WWI America?

A return to pre-war conditions, often negatively affecting women and black people, while benefiting 'WASPs' and defined by Harding as a stable, steady way of life.

How did tariffs impact the economy during this period?

Tariffs aimed to protect domestically produced goods but reduced trade with other nations, increasing foreign goods' prices and limiting their availability.

What was America's policy of isolationism?

A policy of avoiding involvement in foreign affairs, which notably prevented the U.S. from joining the League of Nations.

What was the League of Nations, and why did it fail?

An international organization created after WWI, which failed significantly in part due to America's isolationism.

What was the 'Great Depression' and when did it begin?

A severe worldwide economic depression that began in 1929, forcing countries to focus on domestic issues.

What is 'hire purchase'?

A system of paying for goods in installments.

What shift occurred in the presidency during the Republican era?

An appeal for less government intervention in business, supporting big businesses rather than taxing or protecting.

What does 'laissez-faire' mean?

A policy of minimal government interference in business and economic affairs.

What was the Ku Klux Klan's role during this era?

A right-wing organization that targeted groups considered ‘un-American’.

What is meant by 'rugged individualism'?

The belief that individuals should look after themselves, with minimal government support.

What triggered the Wall Street Crash?

Underlying issues during the economic boom combined with irresponsible share trading.

How did Hoover's approach to the Great Depression change?

Initially supported laissez-faire but later recognized the need for federal intervention, although it was too little, too late.

What was the Bonus Army incident?

A protest by World War I veterans demanding early payment of bonuses, which led to a violent dispersal by police under Hoover's orders.

How did political control shift in Congress by 1931?

Democrats gained a majority in the House of Representatives and were gaining seats in the Senate.

What was 'New Deal' thinking?

A response to the Great Depression advocating government responsibility for public welfare and rapid national action.

How did Roosevelt change the presidency?

He expanded the power and role of the presidency, establishing a significant White House staff and executive orders to push through legislation.

What expectations were set for future presidents after Roosevelt?

Future presidents were expected to be involved in policy formation, engage with the media, and run federal committees.

How did the Second World War impact the U.S. economy?

The war helped lift the U.S. out of economic depression, increased industry profits, and reduced unemployment.

What was the significance of the Lend-Lease Act?

Passed in 1941, it allowed the U.S. to supply Allies with war materials despite neutrality, boosting the economy.