Unit 1A: Biochemistry

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Acids

molecules that release hydrogen ions in solution

Bases

a molecules that takes up order gives off hydroxide

Neutralization

the reaction of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions to form water molecules

Buffers

mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range

Alkalinity

the strength of a base

Dissociation

the separation of ions that occurs when an ionic compound dissolves

ion

A charged atom

hydroxide ion

A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen. OH-

hydrogen ion

a positively charged ion (H+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron

neutral solution

a solution whose pH equals 7

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Disaccharide

A double sugar molecule made of two monosaccharides bonded together through dehydration synthesis.

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Carbohydrates

Broken down to simple sugars

Lipids

fats and oils

Proteins

amino acids

nucleic acids

nucleotides

macromolecules

lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Monomer

small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Denatures

The breakdown of the structure of a protein molecule if the temperature gets too hot or the pH changes.

Catalase

enzyme that breaks down hydrogen

activation energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Inhibitor

A substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs.

substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

product

A substance produced in a chemical reaction

Hydroxide ion

OH-

hydrogen ion

H+

How to measure for acidity or alkalinity?

amount of hydrogen ions or hydroxide in a solution

Acids contain more what?

Hydrogen ions (H+)

Bases contain more what?

Hydroxide ions (OH-)

Digestive fluids are acids in the body and must be what?

Neutralized by buffers

What is neutralization?

A reaction between an acid and a base

neutralization keeps our pH at neutral Ex: homestasis

What is activation energy?

energy needed to start a reaction

What is a catalyst?

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or used up in the reaction

What is denaturing?

When an enzyme's conditions are not optimum and its shape changes so it will not fit the substrate anymore

active site

The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.

what is a product?

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

What 4 things can affect the way enzymes work?

Temperature, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors

Why do enzymes only bind to one type of substrate

Bc when enzymes let go they are no longer the same so it wouldnt work with anything else

What is enzyme inhibition?

something that causes a loss of enzyme activity

What are inhibitors?

the change of a protein structure in a enzyme

a carbohydrate is what

monosaccride

protein is a what

amino acid

amino acid

Building blocks of protein

What is a nucleotide?

monomer of nucleic acid

How many kinds of amino acids are there?

20 different kinds

lipids do not dissolve in water because they are __________

hydrophobic (or water fearing)

Phospholipids

make up cell membranes

types of fatty acids

saturated and unsaturated

What are saturated fatty acids?

single bond between carbon tightly packed and solid at room temp

What are unsaturated fatty acids?

Fatty acids made up of one or more double bonds between carbons. They are usually LIQUID at room temperature. Ex: EPA and DHA in fish oil, ALA in Flax oil.

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

examples of polysaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose

in a neutral solution what can use say about the concentration of hydrogen/hydroxide ions?

the concentration is balanced

the pH scale is a range from what

0 to 14

An acid has a pH between what

0 and 6.9

A neutral solution has a pH of what

7

a base (basic solution) has a pH between what

7.1 and 14

Where can you find acids in living things?

DNA, RNA

concentration of hydrogen ions can be represented by

pH scale

Neutralization occurs when

an acid reacts with a base forming water and a salt

Buffers

substances that help to resist changes in pH

What is a mixture?

A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

What is a suspension?

A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration

what is a solvent?

substance that does the dissolving

What is adhesion?

the bonding of a water molecule in another substance

What is cohesion?

the tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together

What is surface tension?

the cohesive forces between liquid molecules

What is capillary action?

the ability of a liquid to flow up a thin tube against the influence of gravity

How to draw a Bohr Model

number of protons and neutrons in the center and number of electrons on the outer ring

How to Draw a Lewis Structure

1. Arrange elements within molecules symmetrically

2. Connect elements with single bonds

3. Calculate the total number of valence electrons

4. Distribute remaining electrons among atoms giving each an octet

how to find valence electrons

For neutral atoms, the number of valence electrons is equal to the atom's main group number. The main group number for an element can be found from its column on the periodic table. For example, carbon is in group 4 and has 4 valence electrons. Oxygen is in group 6 and has 6 valence electrons

What holds the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom?

covalent bond

What are reactants?

elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction

what are products?

The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.

What is a polar molecule?

molecules that have an unequal sharing of electrons

What is adhesion?

the clinging of one substance to another

What is cohesion?

the sticking together of particles of the same substance.

Postive ions are known as _____________.

cations

Negative ions are called

anions

What is a hydrogen bond?

a weak bond between two partially charged atoms

What is the difference between polar and nonpolar?

Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other. Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms.

What is the independent variable?

The independent variable is the variable that is changed

What is a dependent variable?

The dependent variable is the variable that is measured

what is a controlled variable?

variable that stays the same

how to calculate protons

atomic number

how to calculate neutrons

atomic mass - atomic number

how to calculate electrons

Same as protons and atomic number

Bohr Model easy way to calculate energy level

2n2