Unit 3 History- Early republic

Gabriel’s Rebellion

1800 planned slave revolt in Virginia led by Gabriel Prosser; discovered before it began and led to harsher slave laws

Haitian Revolution

1791–1804 successful slave uprising in Haiti that inspired enslaved Americans and terrified southern slaveholders

Notes on the State of Virginia

Jefferson’s 1785 text asserting racial hierarchy and claiming African Americans were inferior

Republican Motherhood

ideology that women should raise virtuous citizens; expands female education but limits political roles

Louisiana Purchase

1803 U.S. purchase of French territory doubling national size and accelerating westward expansion

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson’s ban on U.S. exports meant to pressure Europe but devastated American trade

Sally Hemings

enslaved woman owned by Jefferson; evidence shows Jefferson fathered her children

Play-off System

Native diplomacy strategy balancing European and American powers to maintain autonomy

Tenskwatawa

Shawnee prophet calling for Native spiritual revival and rejection of U.S. culture

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who attempted to unify tribes against American expansion

Red Sticks

militant Creek faction resisting assimilation and fighting U.S. expansion

Impressment

British seizure of American sailors; major cause of the War of 1812

War Hawks

young congressmen who pushed for war with Britain to defend honor and expand territory

Hartford Convention

1814 Federalist meeting criticizing the War of 1812; destroyed party’s reputation

American System

Henry Clay’s plan for tariffs

Internal Improvements

federally supported infrastructure like roads and canals to support national economy

Monroe Doctrine

1823 declaration that Europe must not colonize the Western Hemisphere

Market Revolution

economic transformation involving factories

Panic

recurring economic depressions caused by unstable credit and banking systems

Transportation Revolution

growth of canals

Erie Canal

1825 canal linking Great Lakes to Atlantic; boosted NY trade and settlement

Steamboat

invention enabling fast upstream travel and transforming river commerce

Railroads

rapid transport system expanding markets

Telegraphs

instant communication system invented by Samuel Morse that unified business and news

Incorporation

laws that allowed businesses to form corporations with limited liability

Gradual Abolition

northern state laws slowly ending slavery while freeing future generations

Cotton Gin

1793 Eli Whitney invention making cotton profitable and expanding slavery dramatically

Putting-out System

early factory system with home-based production for merchants

Waltham-Lowell System

textile factory model using young women under strict supervision

Missouri Compromise of 1820

admitted Missouri as slave state and Maine as free state; banned slavery above 36°30′ line

Jeffersonian Republicanism

political philosophy supporting limited government and agrarian values

Second Great Awakening

religious revival emphasizing free will and inspiring reform movements

Burned-Over District

upstate NY region with intense revivalism and birthplace of reform

Charles Grandison Finney

leading revivalist preaching free will and social reform

Temperance Movement

campaign to reduce alcohol consumption; targeted immigrants and working-class men

Dorothea Dix

reformer exposing abuse in asylums and promoting mental health institutions

Common School Movement

Horace Mann’s push for tax-supported public education

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 case confirming implied powers and federal supremacy; states cannot tax national bank

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 case giving federal government control over interstate commerce

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

case protecting corporate charters as contracts

Fletcher v. Peck

first case striking down a state law as unconstitutional; protected contracts

Marbury v. Madison

1803 case establishing judicial review

Indian Removal Act

1830 law enabling U.S. to negotiate removal treaties with tribes; led to forced relocation

Trail of Tears

forced Cherokee removal in 1838 killing thousands

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 ruling that Cherokee Nation was sovereign and states could not interfere; ignored by Jackson

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1831 ruling that tribes were “domestic dependent nations” lacking standing in court