APUSH Period 8

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States (1945-1953).

Taft Hartley Act

1947 law limiting union power and strikes.

Fair Deal

Truman's domestic policy agenda for social reform.

Joseph Stalin

Leader of the Soviet Union from 1924 to 1953.

Soviet Union

Socialist state existing from 1922 to 1991.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 for peace.

Satellite nations

Countries under Soviet influence during the Cold War.

Iron Curtain

Metaphor for the division between East and West.

Kennan's Long Telegram

1946 message advocating containment of Soviet expansion.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy to support countries resisting communism.

Marshall Plan

U.S. program to aid European economic recovery post-WWII.

Berlin Airlift

1948-1949 operation to supply West Berlin amid blockade.

NATO

Military alliance formed in 1949 for collective defense.

Warsaw Pact

Military alliance of communist nations in 1955.

People's Republic of China

Communist state established in 1949 under Mao Zedong.

Korean War

Conflict (1950-1953) between North and South Korea.

GI Bill

Legislation providing benefits to WWII veterans.

Baby Boom

Significant increase in birth rates post-WWII.

Growth of suburbs

Expansion of residential areas outside urban centers.

Sunbelt

Region in the U.S. known for warm climate and growth.

22nd Amendment

Constitutional amendment limiting presidential terms to two.

Dwight Eisenhower

34th President of the United States (1953-1961).

Richard Nixon

37th President of the United States (1969-1974).

Interstate Highway Act

1956 law funding the construction of highways.

Decolonization

Process of former colonies gaining independence post-WWII.

Indochina

Region in Southeast Asia including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese revolutionary leader and communist figure.

Ngo Dinh Diem

First President of South Vietnam (1955-1963).

Domino theory

Belief that one country's fall to communism leads to others.

Arab-Israeli conflict

Ongoing political and territorial dispute in the Middle East.

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, regulating oil production.

Spirit of Geneva

1955 conference promoting peaceful coexistence during Cold War.

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin, known for reforms.

Hungary

Country involved in a 1956 uprising against Soviet control.

Sputnik

First artificial satellite launched by the Soviet Union in 1957.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary leader who established a communist government.

Jackie Robinson

First African American to play Major League Baseball.

Thurgood Marshall

First African American Supreme Court Justice.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice known for expanding civil rights.

Mapp v. Ohio

1961 case establishing exclusionary rule for evidence.

Gideon v. Wainwright

1963 ruling guaranteeing legal counsel for defendants.

Miranda v. Arizona

1966 case requiring Miranda rights for suspects.

Baker v. Carr

1962 case addressing legislative redistricting and representation.

Engel v. Vitale

1962 ruling against school-sponsored prayer.

Griswold v. Connecticut

1965 case recognizing right to marital privacy.

Little Rock 9

Group of African American students integrating Arkansas school.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 protest against racial segregation on buses.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist known for refusing bus seat.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Prominent leader in the American civil rights movement.

SCLC, SNCC, CORE

Civil rights organizations promoting nonviolent protest.

Operation *

1954 initiative to deport undocumented Mexican immigrants.

Television

Mass medium that transformed American culture in the 1950s.

Rock and roll

Music genre popularized in the 1950s among youth.

The Other America

Book highlighting poverty in America, published in 1962.

Woolworth's sit-ins

1960 protests against segregation at lunch counters.

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States (1961-1963).

Robert Kennedy

Attorney General and advocate for civil rights.

New Frontier

Kennedy's domestic program aimed at social reforms.

Peace Corps

Volunteer program promoting international development and peace.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 confrontation over Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Bay of Pigs

Failed U.S. invasion of Cuba in 1961.

Lyndon Johnson

36th President of the United States (1963-1969).

War on Poverty

Johnson's initiative to reduce poverty in America.

Barry Goldwater

Republican candidate opposing Johnson in 1964 election.

Medicare and Medicaid

Health programs for the elderly and low-income individuals.

Elementary and Secondary Ed. Act

1965 law funding education for disadvantaged students.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation prohibiting discrimination based on race and gender.

24th Amendment

Constitutional amendment prohibiting poll taxes in elections.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law aimed at eliminating racial discrimination in voting.

James Meredith

First African American to enroll at Ole Miss.

George Wallace

Alabama governor known for his pro-segregation stance.

March on Washington

1963 rally advocating for civil and economic rights.

Selma March

1965 protest for voting rights from Selma to Montgomery.

Nation of Islam

Religious movement advocating for African American empowerment.

Malcolm X

Civil rights leader advocating for Black nationalism.

Stokely Carmichael

Civil rights activist known for 'Black Power' slogan.

Black Panthers

Political organization advocating for African American rights.

Watts Riots and Kerner Commission

1965 riots highlighting racial tensions and inequality.

Assassinations

Murders of key figures like MLK and RFK.

Sexual revolution

Cultural shift in attitudes towards sexuality in the 1960s.

Betty Friedan

Author of 'The Feminine Mystique,' feminist leader.

National Organization for Women

Group advocating for women's rights and equality.

Equal Pay Act

1963 law aimed at abolishing wage disparity.

Equal Rights Amendment

Proposed amendment ensuring equal rights regardless of sex.

General Westmoreland

U.S. commander during the Vietnam War.

Eugene McCarthy

Anti-war politician and presidential candidate in 1968.

Hubert Humphrey

Vice President under Johnson, 1965-1969.

Chicago convention

1968 Democratic National Convention marked by protests.

Henry Kissinger

Nixon's National Security Advisor, key in foreign policy.

Kent State and Jackson State

1970 protests against Vietnam War resulting in deaths.

My Lai Massacre

1968 killing of Vietnamese civilians by U.S. troops.

Pentagon Papers

Classified documents revealing U.S. involvement in Vietnam War.

Detente

Easing of tensions between the U.S. and USSR.

Nixon visits China

1972 diplomatic visit opening relations with China.

SALT I talks

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between U.S. and USSR.

New Federalism

Nixon's policy to transfer power to states.

Stagflation

Economic condition of stagnant growth and high inflation.

Southern Strategy

Nixon's approach to gain Southern white voters.

Title IX

1972 law prohibiting gender discrimination in education.

Burger Court

Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren Burger.