anatomy metabolism

hiearchy of complexity

atoms - mol./compound - cells - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

homeostasis

process of maintaining stable internal environment (operates off feedback systems)

receptor

picks up stimulus 

control center 

interprets stimulus + creates a response

effector

muscle/gland that carries out response

negative feedback

reserves condition of stimulus

positive feedback

enhances condition of stimulus (can be lethal if not turned off)

its essential for homeostasis to have a _________

watery environment

isotonic

movement in and out of cells

hypertonic 

more stuff outside cell causing water to leave cell and it shrivels 

hypotonic

too much solute inside causing water to enter and burst 

cell membrane

semi permeable, acts as barrier of protection

genome

genetic material (most important part of cell)

organelles 

performs daily tasks, help keep homeostasis 

metabolism

sum of all chemical reactions in body

anabolism

to create

catabolism

break apart

cellular respiration (CR)

metabolic reaction that drives energy production (occurs mostly in mitochondria)

3 steps of cellular reaction:

1. glycolysis

2. krebs cycle

3. electron transport train

CR breaks ____ down into _____ ATP

glucose, 32-28

macromolecules

basic units that all living things are made out of 

polymore

many units

monomer

one unit

carbohydrates 

function:

monomer:

polymer

function: primary energy source

monomer: monosaccharide (glucose)

polymer: many units

carbohydrates

function: primary energy source

monomer: monosaccharide (glucose)

polymer: polysaccharides (starch/fiber/glucose)

simple carbs

immediate energy, made of monosaccharides, ex: candy, fruit

complex carbs

sustained energy, made of polysaccharides, ex: whole grains, fiber, starch

lipids

function: stored energy, insulation

chemical signals (hormones), protection

ex: adipose tissue

monomer - glycerol, fatty acids

polymer - triglycerides

saturated fat

less nutrient dense

solid at room temp

ex: red meat, milk, butter

unsaturated fats

more nutrient dense

liquid at room temp + better for you

ex: olive oil, peanuts

protiens

function: structure, transportation + speed up chem. reactions 

monomer - amino acids (20 types)

polymer - protein chains (polypeptides)

enzymes

don’t break down easily

ends in “ase“

lock and key model

speed up reactions 100-1000x quicker

denaturing

enzymes break down bc of hostile environment (temp, PH)

nucleic acids

function: serves as genetic info and cellular energy (ATP)

monomer: nucleotides

polymer - DNA, RNA, ATP

how energy is used (macros)

carbs → lipids → proteins  

gluconeogenesis

turning other macros into glucose

metabolism helps maintain homeostasis and as a result ____ is released

heat

carbs, lipids, proteins → calories

1g carb → 4 cal

1g lipids → 9 cal

1g protein → 4 cal

basic metabolic rate (BMR)

what your body is burning in calories when doing “every day“ activities

things that influence BMR

gender,diet, body temp, age, nervous system, pregnancy, hormones

cellular aging 

1. pre programmed cell death

2. telomere shortening

3. free radical damage 

4. autoimmune response

(antioxidants neutralize cellular aging)

cancer

group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth

cell growth = often seen as tumor

benigne tumor

no longer metastasizing (spreading)

malignant 

bad type, spreading

carcinagen

exposure - cancer causing agent (UV light, smoking)

oncogenes

genes that cause cancer

oncogenes 

genes that cause cancer 

oncogenetic viruses

viruses that cause cancer

cancer treatments

surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, NO CURE JUST TREATMENT