Patho cell adaptation

Many patients develop cancer due to the malignant transformation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes and the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes.  Which of these are tumor suppressor genes?

Question 1 options:

	D. MYC
	B. Her2-neu
	A. p53
	C. Ras

p53

Your patient, Mrs. Rogers, tests positive for the Rb gene.  How would you explain what this means to her? 

Question 2 options:

	A. You still have one other functioning allele that can stop the cell cycle and uncontrolled cellular growth
	B. You have a genetic mutation that stimulates uncontrolled cellular growth
	C. You cannot produce regulatory proteins to stop the cell cycle
	D. Your proto-oncogenes have mutated into oncogenes

You still have one other functioning allele that can stop the cell cycle and uncontrolled cellular growth

Four years later, Mrs. Rogers is diagnosed with stage II breast cancer.  What does this mean? 

Question 3 options:

	C. Her cancer has spread to distant sites
	D. Her cancer has spread to local sites
	A. Her cancer has spread to regional structures
	B. Her cancer is only in the organ of origin

Her cancer has spread to local sites

For many patients with cancer, there is no identifiable genetic cause.  However, there are other things in a patient's history which put them at risk for oncogenesis (developing cancer).  Which of these are possible causes of cancer?

Question 4 options:

	A. Chronic hepatitis B infection
	B. Acute bacterial infection
	C. Ulcerative colitis
	D. Both A and C
	E. All of the above.

Both A and C

p53 definition

a critical tumor-suppressor gene often called the guardian of the genome

Stage 1

The cancer is confined to its organ of origin

Stage 2

The cancer has become locally invasive, meaning it has begun to grow into nearby tissues beyond the initial site

Stage 3

The cancer has advanced to regional structures, such as nearby lymph nodes

Stage IV

The cancer has spread to distant sites and other tissues in the body