SOCIAL STUDIES FINAL📚📜🤗\

Bering land bridge

a wide area of land which the first Americans crossed during the ice age

Maize

early form of corn

Sachems

tribal chiefs

League of the Iroquois

Mohawk leader Hiawatha inspired by the religious leader Dekanawida, organized the five nations into a peaceful alliance known as this.

How did the geography or environment effect Native cultures?

They had to ADAPT and survive and used all the supplies they could obtain

How did the growing of crops change nomadic cultures?

They started to settle down and form communities. Also, they had time for hobbies like weaving and games

Identify the powers women had in Iroquois culture:

Owned property, in charge of farming, and chose the sachems

Type of shelter of the Iroquois

Longhouse

Type of shelter of the Natives in the Great Plains

Tipis

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China

The three ships of Columbus's journey

The Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria

Henry the Navigator

prince of Portugal, he helped promote exploration by Portuguese sailors.

Bartholomew Dias

reached the southern tip of Africa

Area columbus explored

the Caribbean Sea

the Columbian Exchange

was a trade of goods, customs, and diseaes

The Northwest Passage

This trade route was believed to cross over the Americas and arrive in the Indies...

Middle passage

A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies

Subsistence Farming

farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing

Charter

a document giving royal permission to start a colony

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

Problems with Jamestown

Stravation, disease, no farming expireiance, the natives, and most of the men were lazy rich men

tobacco

saved Jamestown and was big in Europe

triangle trade

a route developed that exchanged goods between the west indies, american colonies, Europe, and Africa

Pilgrims

a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons.

Mercantilism

Economic policy that focuses on making $ for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver

Types of trade the French established in North America:

Fur trading and fishing

What did the Dutch purchase Manhattan for?

$24 in beads and trinkets

Major Economy of the New England Region

Fishing industries

Economies of the Middle Colonies

the bread basket colonies (exported grain, wheat, barley, etc.)

Economy of the Southern Colonies

farming/plantation life

Writs of assistance

legal document that enabled officers to search homes and warehouses for goods that might be smuggled by the colonists

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

Militia

A group of civilians trained to fight in emergencies

Blockade

an act or means of sealing off a place to prevent goods or people from entering or leaving.

When was the French and Indian war?

1754-1763

Who was the French and Indian war between?

French and their Indian allies vs. the British and the American settlers

Albany Plan of Union

Union that Benjamin Franklin made to unite colonists to form a federal government.

Effects of the French and Indian War

Spread of ideas of freedom, democratic reform, caused bitter feelings towards the british, and united the colonists against a common enemy

Proclamation of 1763

Forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalcian Mountains & required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

The Intolerable Acts

In retaliation for the Tea Party, the British passed several unbearable acts aimed at bringing the colonies back into submission of the King.

What was "The shot heard around the world"?

The first shot to start the revolutionary war at Lexington and Concord.

Who wrote Common sense?

Thomas Paine

What was the significance of Common Sense?

People started to support Independence from England

Olive Branch Petition

An offer of peace sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George lll to drop the intolerable acts

Declaration of Independence

July 4,1776 document written by Thomas Jefferson outlining reasons for the colonies to break the ties with England

Nathan Hale

a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British, famous quote:, "i only regret that i have but one life to lose for my country"

The biggest ally in the Revolutionary War for America

France

Battle of Trenton

a 1776 battle in New Jersey which George Washington's troops captured a Hessian encampment

Valley Forge

Site of the military camp of the American Continental Army over the winter of 1777-1778 during the American Revolutionary War.

Battle of Yorktown

last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Federalists

Political Party led by Hamilton - pro-British; supported by the wealthy; pro-merchants and trade; Favored the National Bank; loose interpretation of the constitution

Democratic-Republican

Political Party led by Jefferson- pro-french; supported by the common ma: pro agriculture; against the national bank: strict interpretation of the constitution

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Articles of Confederation

First governing document of US - created a WEAK central government; issues with trade - different currencies in each state, tariffs on goods traded between states

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States

First Amendment

5 freedoms: speech, press, religion, assembly, petition

National debt

The amount of money a national government owes to other governments or its people

The Whiskey Rebellion

was a protest by grain farmers against the tax on whiskey.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who oversaw Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury vs. Madison

Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review

Who did the Americans buy the Louisiana Territory from?

France for 15 Million Dollars

Who explored the Louisiana Territory for Jefferson?

Meriweather Lewis and William Clark

War Hawks

People from the South and West for the war against Britain.

What city was burned during the war of 1812?

Washington, D.C including the White House by the British

Battle of Ft. McHenry

fought in Baltimore and British are defeated

Francis Scott Key

Wrote the poem "Star Spangled Banner"

Nationalism

Excessive pride in one's nation.

The industrial revolution

the increase in uses of machine made goods that began in England

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin in America?

New England

Cotton gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney

Samuel Slater

He memorized the way that the British made machines and he brought the idea to America

Francis Lowell

Established the first factory town and one of the first to hire women to work the factories; idea of specialized work force

Technology

Application of science to help people

The benefits of the Erie Canal

lower shipping costs, reduced travel time, NYC became a city of commerce, and towns grew along the canal

Secede

To withdraw

Nullify

when a federal law to be considered unconstitutional

Indian Removal Act

a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Spoils system

the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power

Suffrage

Right to vote

How did many men out west make money after 1849?

Mining gold

Oregon Trail

the trail pioneers took to travel to the west coast after leaving the east

Manifest Destiny

belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent.

Vigilanties

People who take the law into their own hands. (Batman)

Who made the most profit during the gold rush?

merchants

Frederick Douglass

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North

Henry Clay

Created both the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory

Compromise of 1850

CA admitted as a free state, increased fugitive slave laws, slave trade banned in Washington DC; popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Popular sovereignty

the common people would vote on issues

Slave codes

Laws that controlled the lives of enslaved African Americans and denied them basic rights.

What did most enslaved people on plantations work as?

Field slaves

What was UNCLE TOM'S CABIN?

a novel about slavery that highlighted its cruelty; written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

Dred Scott

He was a slave who was taken to free territory. Scott sued for his freedom and the Supreme Court declared that slaves are property, not people.

Fugitive Slave act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

The Underground Railroad

A network of abolitionists that secretly helped slaves escape to freedom by setting up hiding places and routes to the North. Harriet Tubman is a key person to its success.

Economies of the North

Factories