biggie henry viii revision🌹🐷🍖

Anticlericalism

Anticlericalism

opposition to the Church, leading to Reformation

Protestantism

form of questioning of traditional religion, originated in Germany. About personal devotion + Bible study; inner faither not external acts

Sacraments

ceremonies with fixed actions/words which bestows God’s grace on participants

Chantry

a chapel/altar in a Church where Masses are sung for the souls of the dead

Purgatory

Grounsdwell of Opposition

dissent towards papacy + hostility + iconoclasm limited to small groups in South/South-East and fall in number of new abbeys/priories/friaries built

Support remained for the Church

clergy were generally respected, lots of churches + chapels built between 1490 + 1529 w/ significant donations from public, sacraments + rituals popular; most people accepted the Pope’s power + religious guilds

Book Anne gave to Henry

‘Obedience of Christian Man’ (+ had links with reformists such as Cranmer and Simon Fish)

Nepotism

promoting your own family

Pluralism

holding more than 1 church office

Absenteeism

being absent from Church office

Simony

selling Church offices + roles

Consubstantiation

bread + wine only REPRESENT Christ

Henry’s religious alignment

always more closely aligned w/ Catholicism + never Protestant

Traditional view on Wolsey’s fall

unpopular royal favourite, nobility took revenge on him during the divorce crisis, long-term conspiracy built up through Wolsey’s rise to greatness

Revisionist view on Wolsey’s fall

did not deliberately antagonize nobility, short-term opportunist faction led by Dukes of Suffolk + Norfolk

Boleyn Faction

her father, Sir Thomas; her uncle, Duke of Norfolk; Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk } Wolsey was deliberately slowing down divorce + was hostile to them?

Why did Henry lose faith in Wolsey?

Amicable Grant failure, unpopular 1525 Anglo-French alliance, divorce negotiation failure

Wolsey’s position

Legate a Latere (= easy annulment?)

1532 (Submission of…)

Submission of the Clergy

1532 Submission of the Clergy

Church agreed to surrender the right to enact new church laws without the King’s assent = Henry has authority

1532 (Act in Conditional…)

Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates

1532 Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates

banned payment of most clerical taxes to Rome…provisionally! (can be reversed + would be paid back if he got divorce - blackmail)

1533 (Act in Restraint of App…)

Act in Restraint of Appeals

1533 Act in Restraint of Appeals

prevented any appeals to any authority outside England + declared Henry as supreme ruler of his empire (DROK)

1534 (Act in Restraint of Ann…)

Act in Restraint of Annates

1534 Act in Restraint of Annates

officially stopped all payment to Rome; King to appoint all bishops - permanent

1534 (Act of Succ…)

Act of Succession

1534 Act of Succession

officially invalidated marriage to CofA + validated to Anne → Mary declared illegitimate (disinherited = no longer useful for marriage deals)

Nov 1534 (Act of Sup…)

Act of Supremacy

Nov 1534 Act of Supremacy

Henry = official head of the Church of England = even more control over matters of belief/doctrine (“Supreme Head of the English Church”)

Dec 1534 (Act for 1st…)

Act for 1st Fruit and 10ths

Dec 1534 Act for 1st Fruit and 10ths

clergy to pay some money from yearly income directly to King

Dec 1534 (Tre…)

Treason Act

Dec 1534 Treason Act

crime to criticize the changes/marriage/succession

1536 (Act of the Dis…)

Act of the Dissolution of Smaller Monasteries

1536 Act of the Dissolution of Smaller Monasteries

closure of monastic houses worth less than £200

1536 (Act of 10…)

Act of 10 Articles

1536 Act of 10 Articles

probably written by Thomas Cranmer, promoted some Protestant ideas and challenged Catholic beliefs. For example, it ignored the Catholic belief in purgatory.

1536 (Royal…)

Royal Injuctions

1536 Royal Injuctions

A set of instructions to the clergy. Included in- structions on how people should worship God and how religious services were to be conducted.

Book of Common Prayer

Introduced a set church service in all church- eg. the clergy had to follow the Prayer Book wording during services or be punished.

1537 (Bishop’s…)

Bishop’s Book

1537 Bishop’s Book

Provided a theological framework for the new Church of England, downplayed the importance of most sacraments, and promoted the idea of royal supremacy.

1537 (Matthew’s…)

Matthew’s Bible

1537 Matthew’s Bible

It combined the New Testament of William Tyndale, and as much of the Old Testament as he had been able to translate before being captured and put to death.

1539 (Act of the Diss…)

Act of the Dissolution of Larger Monasteries

1539 Act of the Dissolution of Larger Monasteries

Allowed the dissolution of the larger monasteries and religious houses.

1539 (Act of 6…)

Act of 6 Articles

1539 Act of 6 Articles

affirmed half a dozen key Catholic beliefs and their denial was made punishable by law: a heretic's death was automatically prescribed for repudiation of transubstantiation, and possible death as a felon for those who denied the divine authority of clerical celibacy, vows of chastity, etc..

1540 (Marriage…)

Marriage of Henry to Anne of Cleves

1540 (Execution…)

Execution of Thomas Cromwell

1545 (Act dissolving…)

Act dissolving chantries

Doctrine

beliefs held + taught by the Church/other group

Clerical Abuses

corruption within the church

Praemunire

treason by asserting papal authority above the King’s

Annates

a tax paid by clergy directly to the papacy

Convocation

meetings of the church to decide on religious matters

Litany

a form of prayer used in services

Regency Council

council of men established to help young Edward VI rule after Henry

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief in the literal change from bread/wine to body/blood of Jesus

Cromwell’s promise to make Henry…

…”the richest man in Christendom”

Number of monasteries/abbeys in England originally

800

Several Monastic Orders

Benedictines, Cistercians, Carthusians, Carmelites, Dominicans, Franciscans

Thomas More

• appointed as Lord Chancellor in 1529 after Wolsey, despite Henry’s awareness of his opposition to divorce

• became increasingly uncomfortable with divorce proceedings on moral grounds = resigned in 1532 after the Submission of the Clergy

• opposition became serious in 1534 when he refused to swear the Oath of Succession, but wouldn’t give reasons → imprisoned in Tower of London + interrogated by Cromwell → eventually denied the King’s supreme authority = could now legally be convicted/charged under the Treason Act = executed 1535.

John Fisher

• Bishop of Rochester + well respected for his piety + scholarship

• pro-Catherine + pro-Pope, argued that denying Papal Supremacy = sinful

• in contact with Chapuys (HRE Charles' V’s ambassador) + Charles himself & even urged him to use military intervention against Hnery

• refused to swear the Oath of Succession in April 1534

• Pope declared him a cardinal whilst captive

• executed in June 1545

Carthusian monks + Franciscan friars

• constituted one of the most principled + determined stands against Henry’s break w/ Rome

• both were strict religious orders, devoted to Catholicism + the Pope as the supreme head of the Church

• first to be suppressed from 1534

• many were imprisoned, exiled and executed → John Forest = hailed as a martyr

Elizabeth Barton

• 1525 = vision of the Virgin Mary that she had at the age of 16 (schizophrenia?)

• came under the spiritual guidance of Dr Edward Bocking (prominent + controversial Catholic monk)

• “Holy Maid of Kent”

• later prophecies = mostly exhortations against the King’s marriage to Anne Boleyn

• railed against Henry in person when he visited Canterbury

• 1533 = claim that the King would cease to be on the throne in a month → executed in April 1534 w/ 5 followers

When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

1536

Major events of 1536

• dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries

• Act of 10 Articles

• Royal Injunctions

• = Pilgrimage of Grace

3 elements of the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)

• Lincolnshire Rising, 1st → 11th Oct 1536

• Yorkshire - the ‘Pilgrimage of Grace’, 8th Oct→ 8th Dec 1536

• Cumberland Rising (+ Bigod Revolt) 16th Jan → 10th Feb 1537

Number of revels in The Pilgrimage of Grace

40,000 = outnumbered the King’s forces 5:1

Lincolnshire Rising (October 1536)

• begin in Louth + spread across the county

• in reaction to dissolving of their smaller monasteries, collection of the subsidy tax, inspection of their clergy and enforcement of religious changes by Government commissioners present

• incited by rumours that the commissioners were going to seize church valuables - not just unhappy about the dissolution!