APUSH Chapter 3 giddes quiz

Martin Luther

ignited the Protestant Reformation by nailing protests against the Catholic Church on the doors of Wittenberg's cathedral + declared Bible was God's words

Protestant Reformation

movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther; reformers questioned the Pope's authority

John Calvin

religious leader who elaborated Martin Luther's ideas + principals

Calvinism

dominant theological doctrine of the NE Puritans + others (like Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, + communicants of Dutch Reformed Church) based on the teachings of John Calvin; believed in predestination (only the elect could go to heaven)

The Elect

souls who have been chosen to go to heaven

"Predestination"

Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to go to heaven and some to go to hell; fate is irreversible

"Conversion"

intense religious experience that confirmed an individual's place among the 'elect' or 'visible saints'; Calvinists who experienced this were expected to lead holy lives to demonstrate their status

"Visible saints"

those who believed they were destined for salvation sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others they were part of the 'elect'; eligible for church membership

King Henry VIII

english king who broke with Roman Catholic Church (also the head of Church of England) + started Protestant Reformation

Church of England

founded by Henry VIII; Catholicism but instead of Pope, the king's in charge

Puritans

Eng Protestants reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds; devout believed that only 'visible saints' should be admitted to church membership

Separatists

small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, many made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts; kicked out by James I bc they could defy him

"Dutchification"

Separatists that came to Holland to escape royal wrath; children were becoming too Dutch and forgetting their English ways so they wanted to live in a haven where they could be purified Protestants + still be English

Virginia Company

Separatists negotiated w/them to secure rights to settle in NW + under its control

Mayflower

ship that carried 102 people on 65 days at sea; arrived at NE in 1620; less than 1/2 were Separatists)

Myles Standish

captain of the Mayflower; provided needed service as a Native fighter + negotiator; "Captain Shrimp"

Pilgrims

didn't make it to their original destination; after many surveys on the ship, they chose to settle on the shores of Plymouth Bay

Plymouth

location where Pilgrims chose to settle; area outside (much north) of what the Virginia Company allowed the settlers to settle (basically illegally there + squatters)

Squatters

people without legal right to land + self-govern

Mayflower Compact

agreement to form a majoritarian govt in Plymouth; signed aboard the Mayflower; created the foundation for self-govt in the colony

Town meetings/government

in Mayflower Compact; said males were able to make rules in these

First Thanksgiving

Plymouth settlers celebrated a good harvest w/Wampanoag natives

William Bradford

self-taught scholar; leader of the Pilgrims; elected governor 30 times; scared that the Puritans might corrupt this godly experiment in the wilderness

Charles I

dismissed Parliament + beheaded; sanctioned William Laud

William Laud

archbishop + led anti-Puritan persecution

Massachusetts Bay Company

established by non-separating Puritans; secured a royal charter

Royal charter

basically a charter from a monarch

Massachusetts Bay Colony

one of the 1st settlements in NE; expedition carried 1,000 immigrants (more than any other Eng settlement); more turmoil in England would cause more Puritans to Massachusetts

"Great Migration"

migration of 70,000 refugees from Eng to NA colonies, mainly to NE + Caribbean (West Indies); 20,000 Puritans that came to Massachusetts shared a common sense of purpose (to establish model Christian settlement

John Winthrop

first governor of MA Bay for 19 years; helped colony prosper by enhancing fur trade, fishing, + shipbuilding

Franchise

common convictions that helped shape MA Bay life; the right to vote/run for office that was only offered to 'freeman'

"Freemen"

adult males who members of the Congregational Church; only puritans were eligible to be one; right to vote

Congregational Church

self-governing Puritan congregations without hierarchical establishments of the Anglican Church (so like no bishops, archbishops, and that stuff); allowed freeman to vote; property holders (only men) would discuss local issues publicly;

General Court

representative assembly; freeman would elect members

Government-supported church

purpose of govt was to enforce God's rules, so people had to pay the govt; believers + non-believers paid taxes for this

"Bible Commonwealth"

religious leaders that had huge influence in the commonwealth; influenced admission to church membership by conducting public questionings of people claiming to have experienced conversion

John Cotton

educated at Eng's Cambridge University; Puritan who came to MA to avoid persecution for his hate of the COE; devoted learning to defend the govt duties to enforce religious rules

"Blue laws"

aka sumptuary laws; designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality; passed across colonies mainly in Puritan NE + Quaker Pennsylvania

Quakers

religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, + idealistic Native policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania; dissenters to religious + civil authority; "Religious Society of Friends"; disliked conflict/war + refused military service; passive resistance (like rebuilt meetings houses on areas where it was torn down)

Anne Hutchinson

challenged Puritan beliefs (spoke about rational extremes + created antinomianism); super smart, talkative, strong-willed; mom of 14; brought to trial + deceived until she admitted that she had come through a direct report from God; banished from MA + left w/fam to Rhode Island, but ended up in NY; everyone in her fam was killed except for 1;

Antinomianism

belief that the elect don't need to obey the law of either God or man; most notably adopted in colonies by Anne Hutchinson

Roger Williams

dissenter who clashed w/MA Puritans over separation of church/state; challenged legality of Bay colony' charter + denied authority of civil govt to regulate religious behaviors; banished to RI where he built a baptist church w/religious freedom

Rhode Island

where Roger Williams fled to in 1639; where a Baptist church was built + established complete religious freedom; shelters Quakers; most liberal colony than any other Eng settlement in NW; puritan clergy called it as "that sewer" which "lord's debris" has collected; begun as a squatter colony; "traditional home of the otherwise minded"; secured charter from Parliament; strongly uncommon + stubbornly unconstrained

Connecticut River

few highly fertile area that attracted Dutch + Eng settlers; peaceful relation was captured when Eng colonist pushed inland into this river

Hartford

near Connecticut River + founded in 1635; where Thomas Hooker led Puritans

Thomas Hooker

led large group of Boston Puritans into Hartford + founded colony of Hartford

Fundamental Orders

drafted by settlers in Connecticut River Valley; document was first "modern constitution, establishing a democratically controlled government; main parts of doc were borrowed for charter + state constitution

New Haven

another CT settlement; founded by Puritans who wanted to set a closer church-govt union; settlers wanted to make this place a seaport, but fell into disapproval w/Charles II; crown granted charter to CT that emerged New Haven to be more democratic

Charles II

king of eng, scotland, + ireland during restoration; disapproved of seaport in New Haven; granted hudson area to brother duke of york to extinguish dutch from that area

Sir Fernando Gorges

failed colonization in North (like Maine)

New Hampshire

sprang from fishing + trading; absorbed by Mass Bay under Mass charter; later King Charles II was greedy separated it from MA + made it a royal charter

Royal colony

colony under direct rule of the monarch

Wampanoags

native tribe that helped pilgrims settle; no position to resist eng invasion

Squanto

part of the Wampanoag tribe who learned english from a ship captain who kidnapped him a while ago

Massasoit

Wampanoag chieftain who signed a treaty with Pilgrims + celebrated the 1st Thanksgiving after fall harvest

Pequots

native tribe; Eng miliamen + Narragansett Natives set fires to their wigwams + shot survivors

Pequot War

series of clashes between Eng settlers and Pequot Natives in the Connecticut River valley for land; ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans + their Narragansett Native allies

Metacom

called King Philip II by Eng; forged alliance + mounted 52 coordinated attacks on Eng villages throughout NE and destroyed 12; wife + son were sold into slavery while he was kidnapped

King Philip's War

series of assaults by Metacom (King Philip) on Eng settlements in NW; attacks slowed westward migration of NW settlers for many decades

New England Confederation

when 4 colonies banded together and served as defense against enemies; purpose of defense + organization; an early attempt at self-govt during benign neglect of Eng Civil War; intercolonial problems (like runaway servants/criminals); colony held 2 votes; exclusively Puritan club

English Civil War

armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I

Massachusetts Bay Colony charter revoked

when the colony disregarded royal orders + revoked by London authorities

Dominion of New England

created by royal authority + imposed from London; included all of NE, NY, East + West Jersey; aimed to strengthen defense in case of a war with Natives; designed to promote Navigation Laws; ruled by Sir Edmund Andros; collapse after Glorious Revolution

Navigation Laws

series of laws passed to regulate colonial shipping; acts provided that only Eng ships would be allowed to trade in Eng + its colonial port and that all goods destined to the colonies would first pass through Eng

Sir Edmund Andros

governor of the Dominion of NE; wanted to do the right thing by was heartless; taxed without consent + limited town meetings; strove to enforce Navigation Laws + suppress smuggling; colonist were really mad

Glorious ("Bloodless") Revolution

relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Cath monarch James II + replaced him with William III and Mary II; accepted increased Parliamentary oversight + new limits on monarchical authority

James II

dethroned + Catholic; father of Mary II

William III

Dutch-born + married Mary II

Mary II

daughter of James II + married William III

"Salutary neglect"

unofficial policy of the relaxed royal control over colonial trade + only weakly enforcement of Navigation Laws; lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War

Anglo-Dutch naval wars

3 of them; Dutch won the first 2 + Eng won the last one (which was the main one); resulted in Eng taking control of Dutch colonies

East Indies

where the Dutch were most successful in

Dutch East India Company

emerged as major commercial + naval power; challenged Eng superiority; best in the East Indies; maintained large + profitable empire for 300+ years

Henry Hudson

Eng explorer who explored for Dutch; came to Delaware Bay + NY Bay; what the Hudson River is named after; claimed the Hudson River + named it New Netherland; originally wanted to find a shortcut through the continent, which he failed ot do

Dutch West India Company

less powerful than the DEIC but still had a lot of profits; preferred stealing instead of trading; outposts in Africa + thriving sugar industry in Brazil

New Netherland

established by DWIC along Hudson River; meant for quick profits from fur trade; planned to buy Manhattan Islands from Natives for trinkets

Manhattan Island

settlers defended against Natives by building a wall (how Wall Street got its name)

New Amsterdam

later NYC; company town; run for + by Dutch for stockholders ; investors didn't care about freedom of religion, speech, + democracy

Directors-general

harsh + appointed by governors; religious dissenters who opposed Dutch Reformed Church were sus; Quakers abused; local body w/limited lawmaking was established cuz colonists' protests

Patroonships

vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing 50 settlers to the property

New Sweden

Swedes trespassed on Dutch areas + planted colony by the Delaware River; golden age for Sweden during 30 Years' War

King Gustavas Adolphus

passed beliefs of Protestantism ("lit up Protestant torch") + caused Swedes to enter American colonization

Peter Stuyvesant

dutch general + governor of New Netherlands; left small army expedition; "Father Wooden Leg"; lost the New Netherlands to Eng;

Delaware

left partly Swedish; middle + bread colony; remained under Pennsylvania's governor's control until American Revolution

Duke of York

Charles II brother ; got land from big bro; NY named after him

New York

in Dominion of NE; named after Duke of York; before was New Amsterdam; middle of the mainland colonies; bc of Dutch governors that kept many intolerant features, the growth of the colony was delayed; Dutch left traces of place names (Haarlem, Breucklene, + Hellegat); after Dutch left, Eng controlled Maine til Carolinas

William Penn

Eng + attracted to Quaker father only at 16 years old; founded Pennsylvania; established a place where people + others could live in peace without being killed; sent out paid agents + distributed many advertisements in different languages to get people to come

Pennsylvania

best advertised colony; liberal land policies; encouraged important holdings + attracted lots of immigrants (including natives); when franklin came here, population was growing + transporting/communicating was improving

Philadelphia

"brotherly love" in Greek; more carefully planned out than most colonial cities

New Jersey

included both west + east; quaker settlement + started when 2 proprietors received area from the duke of york; 1 of the proprietor sold west jersey to quakers + the east was eventually taken by quakers too; crown combined both colonies

Middle colonies

NY, NJ, Delaware, + Pennsylvania; midway between NE + southern plantations; most American part of America; more ethnically diverse; land more desirable;

"Bread colonies"

NY, NJ + Pennsylvania; called that cuz mainly exported grains