Social Stratification Final Exam!

the service sector

Postindustrial economies are characterized by the development of .

social stratification

A system of inequality that involves distinct levels of privilege is called .

Patterns help us identify how society constrains people's choices.

Why is it important to study patterns and not just individual cases?

reciprocity

In the hunter-gatherer society, members of a society share goods based on

racial inequality

Today, former frontier societies can most often be identified by their

jobs are assigned based on race and gender

We see evidence of social stratification in production plants when

Movement from reciprocity to redistribution

contributed to the growth of inequality in horticultural societies

hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, industrial

Reflect the order in which most human societies have developed

Men were often leaders, but women helped organize society.

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between genders in horticultural societies?

a social construction

Most sociologists argue that inequality is

shifting gardens; continuous cultivation

Horticultural societies have , while agrarian societies have

the ability of men, but not women, to own land

Extrapolating from Sernau, which of the following first contributes to the rise of increasingly patriarchal societies?

become more equal

The Kuznets curve implied that as societies fully industrialized, they would _

refer(s) to persistent efforts by groups to promote or prevent social change.

social statuses

In analyzing inequality, sociologists treat race and gender as .

Latin American industrializing agrarian societies

Many of the world's most unequal current societies are in .

markets

In agrarian societies, the management of goods shifted from redistribution to

hunting and gathering

One would expect to find the least job specialization in a(n) society.

newcomers displace native populations

Frontier societies refer to those that form when .

hunting and gathering societies

Some of the most egalitarian societies in human experience have been societies.

using their sociological imagination

When people connect their personal experiences to broader patterns in society, they are

Hebrew prophets

According to Lenski, early radical social reformers included the .

hierarchical

Although Confucius believed in justice, their idea of a social order was .

It became more conservative.

What happened to Christian thought after the church became institutionalized in the Roman empire?

one's position in a network

Gerhard Lenski's social institutional theory of inequality argues that inequality stems from .

Karl Marx and Max Weber

Conflict theory is rooted in the work of .

They contended the poor and the rich were at war with each other.

According to Lenski, why should Plato be understood as a radical?

fully class conscious

Marx believed that socialist revolutions would occur when industrial workers became .

political; economic

The new social contract of the 18th century drew on rather than reform.

life chances

Max Weber argued that social class is determined by an individual's .

social closure

According to Max Weber, privileged groups can maintain their power via .

economic relations

Marx maintained that history has been shaped by .

the division of labor

Emile Durkheim uses to explain how societies function.

greater motivation

Davis and Moore argue that social stratification is functional for society because it provides for .

class and conflict

Karl Marx's theories emphasized .

proletariat

According to Marx, industrial capitalism created the new .

Dialectic

refers to the argument that the debate between the thesis and its antithesis shapes the development of ideas and of history.

serves the interests of powerful groups; benefits all of society

Conflict theorists argue that stratification , while functionalists argue that stratification .

power and prestige

Ralf Dahrendorf contended that class conflict should be analyzed in terms of .

polarized into two classes

Marx contends that under capitalism, a society's class structure becomes more .

status

According to Max Weber, people can signal their by buying fancy clothes and luxury items.

free markets and free trade

Neoliberalism is an economic approach that emphasizes the benefits of .

young women

In their search for cheap labor for assembly work, multinational corporations have tended to hire .

reduce government spending

Structural adjustment programs sponsored by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) often call on troubled countries to .

core, semiperiphery, and periphery nations

World systems theory sees the world economic system as divided into .

by overturning global capitalism

According to Wallerstein and world systems theory, how can the poorest nations become economically successful?

Local employers and intermediaries

Who is most likely to perpetrate human rights abuses in factories?

an achievement orientation

Modernization theorists maintain that the people of developing nations need to become better off.

It is ethnocentric and biased toward the West.

What is a major critique of modernization theory?

they tend to produce great inequalities

One problem with free-market economies is .

industrial and railroad laborers

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, people coming to the United States were often employed as .

competition to attract businesses that ultimately harms local residents.

What is the "race to the bottom?"

engineers and radiologists

Jobs most recently outsourced to India have included .

growing inequality between and within nations

The double divide refers to what consequence of globalization?

life expectancy at birth

How does the United Nations measure health?

Asian

Global export markets led to the rapid economic growth of countries.

United States

The most unequal advanced industrial country in the world is .

immigrants

People who intend to permanently leave their country of origin to reside elsewhere are .

maquiladora assembly

The fastest growing industrial type in Mexico is .

Indonesia and Malaysia

Athletic shoes are now often made in .

colonial imperialism

Dependency theorists have maintained that a major reason poor nations stay poor is .

inferior norms and practices

The culture of poverty thesis argues that poverty exists across generations because of

gambling

Which industry has benefited some Native American tribes?

more likely to use deadly force

Compared to police in other countries, police in the United States are .

eventually freed and removed from U.S. society

Thomas Jefferson believed that Black slaves should be .

isolated areas

The poorest Native Americans live in .

no net wealth

The poorest 45% of the U.S. population controls .

wealth, occupation, and income

What are the objective measures of social class?

many clustered in the lower middle with a tower of high incomes

The distribution of income in the United States shows .

conservative

Because wealth tends to remain among elite families, scholars describe wealth as in nature.

farm labor

The sector of the economy experiencing the greatest decline in percentage of the labor force has been .

increases in temporary and flexible employment

According to Sernau, the new social contract refers to .

by accumulating and acquiring wealth

How do athletes or entertainment stars become billionaires?

the national government is responsible for the welfare of all its citizens

European welfare states believe that .

gender disparity; children's well-being

Personal income is helpful for studying , while family income is useful for studying .

owning property

For Karl Marx, the key determiner of social class was .

occupation and income

Many scholars analyze the U.S. class structure by taking into account .

economic

Structuralist theories of poverty argue that structures impact rates of poverty.

women and children

Early industrialization brought new demand for paid labor done by .

wealth

The accumulated property that a person owns is referred to as .

early 1900s

When did Native Americans become citizens of the United States?

assimilation

The 1887 Dawes Act divided land to encourage Native American .

socially constructed

Sociologists understand race to be .

assimilation and removal

The two primary "solutions" proposed for Native Americans were .

savage killers; noble savages

Native American stereotypes have vacillated between the and the .

exploiting the labor of the colonized

One major element of internal colonialism is .

social class

Language marks race and also

greater autonomy

The policy of the "Indian New Deal" was to give Native American groups .

Bracero Program

Which policy encouraged Mexican labor migration to the United States?

visible minority

A person who wears distinctive religious dress associated with a underprivileged group is an example of a(n) .

expressing hostility and suspicion toward middlemen

A common neighborhood response to middleman minorities is .

underclass

A controversial term used for those excluded from the formal economy and stuck in poverty is .

older suburbs

Poverty is becoming much more common in .

A few extraordinarily high incomes can pull the average income upward.

What does it mean to say that the income distribution in the United States is skewed?

pink collar

As blue-collar employment has declined, which sector has expanded?

returns on investments and assets

The wealthiest sector of the U.S. population receives most of its money from .

more unequal than the distribution of income

In the United States, the distribution of wealth is .

wealthy, married White women

Who was most likely to achieve the Victorian ideal of womanhood?

middle class and married in the 1950s

Working and earning money was uncommon for women who were .

Men see their success as the result of hard work, not their gender.

What is one way that men benefit from having their advantages embedded in the fabric of society?