General Bio 1 Lab: Chapter 10 Nervous System

What composes the vertebrate nervous system?

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

What makes up the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory receptors and nerves that communicate between central nervous system and periphery

What does the anterior portion of the dorsal neural tube expand into?

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain 

What makes up the brain stem?

Midbrain, medulla, pons

What makes up the hindbrain?

Medulla, pons, cerebellum

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Coordinating muscle activity, muscle tone, posture

What  is the most prominent region in fish and amphibians?

Midbrain 

What makes up the forebrain?

Olfactory bulbs, cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

Hypothalamus function

Important for maintaining homeostasis, physiological needs like hunger, thirst, and body temperature

What is the hypothalamus the link between?

Nervous and endocrine systems 

Thalamus 

Sensory relay center 

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum?

Cerebral cortex

What is the cerebral cortex made of?

Several convolutions

Gyri

Ridges of the convolutions

Sulci 

Valley of these convolutions 

What is on the outer surface of the cerebral cortex?

Grey matter

What does grey matter contain?

Cell bodies and dendrites

What does white matter consist of?

Myelinated axons

What happens to the cerebral cortex as an organism gets larger?

Becomes more convoluted and surface area increases 

What does the corpus callosum do?

Connects left and right cerebral hemispheres

What does the cerebrum consist of?

Left and right hemispheres

What are the 3 layers of the vertebrate eyes?

Sclera, choroid, retina 

What is the outer layer of the eye?

Sclera

What is the anterior portion of the sclera?

Cornea

What is the middle layer of the eye?

Choroid

What do the pigmented cells in choroid do?

Absorb extra light and prevent it from being reflected back to photoreceptors in retina, keeps images sharp

What do the blood vessels in choroid do>

Bring nutrients and oxygen to itself and other two layers

What is the innermost layer of the eyes?

Retina

What are the two types of photoreceptors in the retina?

Rods and cones

What do rods allow us to see?

Low intensity light 

Which photoreceptor has a lower spatial resolution?

Rods

Which photoreceptor has a higher spatial resolution?

Cones

What do cones enable us to see?

Color

What produces colorblindness?

Abnormal photo pigments in cones 

What are the types of color blindness?

Red-green, blue-yellow, total

What is the most common type of color blindness?

Red green

What is the most rare type of color blindness?

Total

What kind of light do the 3 different cones allow us to see?

Blue, green, and red 

What is at the center of the retina?

Macula

What is at the center of macula?

Fovea

What is the fovea responsible for?

High resolution color vision

Macular degeneration 

Results in blurred or no vision in the center of visual field with peripheral vision unaffected

What is in the anterior portion of the eye?

Lens, iris, pupil

Accommodation

Adjustment of lens curvature

What does a rounder lens mean?

A person needs to focus on closer objects 

What does a flattened lens mean?

A person needs to focus on more distant objects

Iris

Gives eye its characteristic color and regulates size of pupil

Pupil

An opening in which light enters

What is in the back of the eye?

Optic disc 

Optic disc

Entry point for major blood vessels that transport nutrients to the eyes

Exit point for optic nerve carrying visual information to the brain

What is the optic disc also known as?

Blind spot

Why is optic disc known as the blind spot?

Because of absence of photoreceptors

What are the two cavities of the vertebrate eyes?

Aqueous humor and Vitreous humor

What is the anterior cavity between correa and lens?

Aqueous humor

What is the posterior cavity (jelly like) between the lens and retina?

Vitreous humor

What is aqueous humor filled with?

Watery substance 

Function of aqueous humor?

Provide nutrients and remove waste

Function of vitreous humor?

Maintaining shape of eye and absorbing shocks

What is vitreous humor filled with?

Viscous fluid

Visual acuity

Sharpness of vision

Which type of photoreceptor in vertebrate nervous system is involved in detecting changes in light intensity?

Photoreceptors

Which part of the vertebrate brain is primarily responsible for regulating basic functions like breathing and heart rate?

Medulla oblongata 

Which type of photoreceptor is responsible for color vision in vertebrates?

Cones

Which type of receptor in vertebrate nervous system is primarily involved in detecting changes in light intensity?

Photoreceptors

Jelly like substance between lens and retina in eyeball is…

Vitreous humor

Anterior cavity of sheep eyes is filled with…

Aqueous humor

What makes up the hindbrain?

Pons, cerebellum, medulla

What makes up the forebrain?

Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

Which part of the vertebrate brain is primarily responsible for regulating basic functions like breathing and heart rate?

Medulla oblangata

Which of the following best describes the primary effect of macular degeneration on vision?

Loss or distortion of central vision with peripheral vision largely unaffected

Which connects right and left hemispheres of the brain?

Corpus callosum

What makes the brain stem?

Medulla, pons, and midbrain