Unit one anatomy

Smallest unit of life

Cell

Levels of organization from simplest to most complex

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Nervous system organization example

Neuron → Nervous tissue → Brain → Nervous system

Part of ER that makes proteins

Rough ER

Examples of proteins in the body

Enzymes hormones antibodies hemoglobin insulin

Organelle that packages and ships proteins

Golgi apparatus

Organelle that makes proteins

Ribosomes

Organelle that produces ATP

Mitochondria

Organelle that breaks down waste and pathogens

Lysosomes

Organelle that makes lipids and detoxifies

Smooth ER

Structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cell membrane

Organelle that contains DNA and controls the cell

Nucleus

Why muscle cells have many mitochondria

They need lots of energy ATP

Why white blood cells have many lysosomes

To digest pathogens

Why secretory cells have a large Golgi

To package and ship proteins

Why a cell would have many cilia

To move substances

DNA is stored in the nucleus as

Chromosomes

Why DNA must replicate before mitosis

So each daughter cell gets a full copy of DNA

What happens if DNA does not replicate before mitosis

Daughter cells get incorrect or missing DNA

Why blocking mRNA kills a cell

No proteins can be made

How damaged spindle fibers affect mitosis

Chromosomes cannot separate correctly

Why drugs that stop mitosis kill cancer cells

Cancer cells divide rapidly

Macromolecule that makes up the membrane

Phospholipids

Two macromolecules embedded in the membrane

Proteins and carbohydrates

Meaning of selectively permeable

Only some substances can pass

How phospholipid polarity affects the membrane

Blocks large and charged molecules

Transport for oxygen and carbon dioxide

Simple diffusion

How glucose enters the cell

Facilitated diffusion

Transport when water moves into a cell

Osmosis

How white blood cells engulf bacteria

Phagocytosis

Difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Diffusion needs no proteins facilitated diffusion uses proteins

Difference between active and passive transport

Active uses energy passive does not

Meaning of hypertonic solution

More solute outside the cell water leaves cell

Meaning of hypotonic solution

Less solute outside the cell water enters cell

Meaning of isotonic solution

Equal solute inside and outside no net water movement

Solution where a cell will swell

Hypotonic

Solution where a cell will shrink

Hypertonic

What happens when solute concentrations are equal

No net movement of water

What is homeostasis

Maintaining a stable internal environment

How negative feedback maintains homeostasis

Reverses a change to return to normal

Difference between positive and negative feedback

Positive increases change negative decreases change

How output affects input in negative feedback

Output reduces the original stimulus

Real-life example of negative feedback

Body temperature regulation

Why calcium regulation is negative feedback

High calcium lowers hormone release low calcium increases it

Four parts of a feedback loop

Stimulus receptor control center effector

What happens in negative feedback when variable rises or falls

Effectors act to bring it back to normal

What is a signaling pathway

A series of steps that transmit a signal in a cell

What happens when a ligand binds a receptor

It activates the receptor and starts a response

Role of receptor proteins

Detect signals and trigger cell responses

Example of a signaling pathway response

Cell division enzyme release or gene expression

Evidence of a membrane receptor

Ligand cannot cross membrane and binds to cell surface

Meaning of anterior

Front

Meaning of posterior

Back

Meaning of superior

Above

Meaning of inferior

Below

Meaning of medial

Toward the midline

Meaning of lateral

Away from the midline

Describe injury location using directional terms

Example anterior superior lateral to the knee

Antebrachial region body part

Forearm

Region between thoracic and pelvic regions

Abdominal region

Term for something located on the body surface

Superficial

Injection given inferior to the gluteal region is administered where

Thigh

Tissue type that covers body surfaces

Epithelial tissue

Tissue type that lines body cavities

Epithelial tissue

Tissue type responsible for support protection and insulation

Connective tissue

Tissue type that allows movement

Muscle tissue

Tissue type specialized for communication and control

Nervous tissue

Most abundant tissue type in the body

Connective tissue

Three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal cardiac smooth

Voluntary muscle type

Skeletal muscle

Involuntary muscle types

Cardiac and smooth muscle

Muscle type that moves bones

Skeletal muscle

Muscle type that pumps blood

Cardiac muscle

Muscle type that moves substances through organs

Smooth muscle