Lipolysis, Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketogenesis

Glucose deficiency resulting in ketone bodies

fatty acid oxidation is increased during and results in ketogenesis?

from fatty acids during periods of low carbs from the liver (ketogenesis)

How are ketone bodies produced?

Gluconeogenesis

What is activated during lipolysis?

Ketogenesis

creation of ketone bodies via low carbs/keto diets, starvation, and uncontrolled type 1 diabetes. Occurs in the Mitochondria of Liver cells only.

Lipolysis

How are lipids broken down?

monomers

Lipids don’t have

Liver

which organ removes glycerol only

active muscles and liver

What organs remove FFAs from the blood?

Albumin (acts as a carrier protein)

What doe FFAs bind to in the blood while glycerol circulates freely

gluconeogenesis

What pathway happens in the liver

Cytosol of liver cells

Where does glycerol metabolism occur?

Glycerol kinase

What enzyme is present in Glycerol + ATP → Glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP

Glycerol dehydrogenase

Glycerol 3-phosphate + NAD⁺ ↔ DHAP + NADH + H⁺

DHAP

What does Glycerol produce to enter gluconeogenesis and produce one glucose each.

The matrix of mitochondria

Where does Fatty acid oxidation happen?

Liver (and must be aerobic)

What organ does Fatty acid oxidation happen?

Saturated fatty acid

Which form of Fatty acid does fatty acid oxidation predominantly occur with?

NAD+ and FAD

Coenzymes needed for FA oxidation

A special mechanism

Fatty acid needs before passing through the mitochondria membranes.

2

How many membranes does mitochondria have?

Beta oxidation

Cleaves FAs into Acetyl CoA (2 carbons per cleave)

7

If there are 16 carbons, how many cleaves will occur during beta oxidation?

reduction of NADH and FADH2

If NAD+ and FAD is required to start beta oxidation. what are the products afterwards?

106

In a 16-carbon chain, 8 acetyl CoA is made, and each make 10 ATP each by going through the Citric Acid cycle. 7 fatty acid oxidation cycles occur, producing 7 NADH and FADH2. How much ATP is made?

3

If triglyceride is being calculated to get the net ATP, multiply by

Spontaneous (no enzyme)

Is this a spontaneous and non-spontaneous reaction? acetoacetate → acetone

Brain and skeletal muscle

Which organs use ketone bodies as energy?

Acetoacetate, 3-hydroxybutyrate, acetone

What are the major ketone bodies that are mostly water soluble?

blood

Where is Acetone secreted?

breath, urine and sweat

Where is acetone extreted?

Energy and most likely an enzyme

what does a non-spontaneous reaction require?

Acetyl CoA

What compound is released in the final step of β-oxidation of fatty acids?

The electron carriers in β-oxidation and biosynthesis are NADH and FADH2

What statement describing β-oxidation of fatty acids and fatty acid biosynthesis is FALSE?

No, 9

The complete oxidation of arachidic acid, CH3(CH2)18COOH produces 10 acetyl CoA molecules.

The number of carbon atoms in the acetyl groups

What is NOT a major difference between fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid degradation?

ACP

What acyl group carrier in biosynthesis is the acyl carrier protein?

Lipases

What general class of enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides?

hydrolysis of ATP to AMP

What is the source of energy for the activation of a fatty acid in β-oxidation?

True

Complete oxidation of fatty acids yields more energy than complete oxidation of an equal mass of glucose. True or false?

Fatty acids.

The acetyl CoA that is metabolized in the morning before breakfast is mostly derived from the catabolism of what types of molecules?

Brain and Skeletal muscle

Which organ removes Acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate when secreted into the blood for energy?

Acetyl-CoA

What is the end product of ketone body catabolism