Apush term 1 final

Manitou

Native American religions revolved around the conviction that nature was alive, pulsating with spiritual power.

Shaman

Native American healers who used medicinal plants and magical chants. They interpreted dreams, guided "questing" and other rituals, incoked war or peace, and figured prominently in community councils.

Potlatch ceremony

An aspiring leader invited neighbors to this at which he gave away or destroyed most of his possessions while chanting about his own greatness and taunting his rivals. Did this because prestige, not material possessions, counted in Native American societies.

Nuclear and extended families

Indians did not necessarily expect spouses to be bound together forever. Though these families never stood alone. Strong ties to residence and deference bound each couple to one or both sets of parents.

Mound-building cultures

Solar observations formed the basis for these Indians' religious beliefs as well as for their calendar. One culture, the Adena, emerged int he Ohio valley. Their villages rarely exceeded 400 inhabitants, but they were very spread out and built hundreds of mounds , most of them containing graves.

Kinship bonds

This cemented Indian societies together. Ties to cousins, aunts, and uncles created complex patterns of social obligation. Indians didn't expect spouses to be bound together forever, but k_________ lasted for life. K_________ was also the base for armed conflict.

Hopewell and Mississippian cultures

Adena culture evolved into the _________ cultures. Their ceremonial centers were along the Ohio and Illinois river valleys. Primarily hunter-gatherers. _________ were the first full-time farmers in the East, who lived on the flood plains of the Mississippi River and its major tributaries. Large volume of craft production and long-distance trade. They worshiped the sun.

Cahokia

The most powerful confederacy revolved around this city near modern St. Louis. A city of about 20,000 people, covering more than 6 square miles, it had at its center a four-terraced structure called Monk's Mound which covered 15 acres and rose 100 feet high. It dominated a giant network of commercial and political alliances extending over much of the American heartland. It reigned supreme for two and half centuries.

Hohokam culture

Their culture emerged in the third century B.C. In the Gila and Salt river valleys of Arizona. These people built elaborate canal systems for irrigation that enabled them to harvest two crops each year. They therefore built permanent villages of several hundred residents and many such communities were joined in confederations linked by canals.

Anasazi culture

Their name is a Navajo term meaning "ancient ones". Their culture originated from the Four Corners region. Their dwellings were in the shape of kivas, which were partly underground circular structures. As population grew, they built above ground. Devastating droughts in the 12th and 13th centuries destroyed their classic culture.

Reciprocity

Mutual give-and-take but did not aim to confer equality. These societies maintained equilibrium and interdependence between individuals of unequal power and prestige. Indians also applied it to their religious concepts, viewing nature as a web of interdependent spiritual powers into which humans had to fit.

Stono Rebellion

Slave uprising in South Carolina. Stealing guns and ammunition from a store at the Stono River Bridge, one hundred slaves headed for Florida crying "Liberty!" Along the way they burned seven plantations and killed twenty whites. Within a day, however, mounted militiamen surrounded the runaways, cut them down, and spiked a rebel head on every milepost back to Charles Town.

Dominion of New England

Under James II he merged five separate colonies -- Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth into this. Under the new system, these colonies' legislatures ceased to exist. Sir Edmund Andros became the governor.

Benjamin Franklin

No American more embodied the Enlightenment spirit than this man. Born in Boston, he migrated to Philadelphia at age seventeen. He began publishing Poor Richard's Almanack, a collection of proverbs that made him famous. He organized the American Philosophical Society.

Jonathan Edwards

Influential Congregationalist minister during the Great Awakening. "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," which illustrates how much God hates you. "His wrath towards you burns like a fire."

Glorious Revolution

James II was Catholic and the English tolerated it until he had a son with his second wife who would be raised as a Catholic and would presumably rule. English political leaders asked his daughter Mary and her husband to intervene. William and Mary led a small army to England where royal troops defected to them and James II fled to France. This created a "limited monarchy" as defined by England's Bill of Rights.

Navigation Acts

A series of laws passed by Parliament beginning in 1651. Some forced colonial merchants to export valuable commodities such as sugar and tobacco only to England and banned the importation of goods in non-English ships.

Proprietors

The people who oversaw the colonies' government and expected to create prosperous settlements and a stable social hierarchy.

Mercantilism

European policies aimed at guaranteeing prosperity by making their own country as self-sufficient as possible--by eliminating its dependence on foreign suppliers, damaging its foreign competitors' commerce, and increasing the national stock of gold and silver by selling more goods abroad than it bought.

Deists

They concluded that God, having created a perfect universe, did not miraculously intervene in its workings but instead left in alone to operate according to natural law. Included people such as Franklin and Jefferson.

Iroquois Confederacy

Indians who tried to accommodate the ENglish and consolidate their own power. They entered into a series of agreements, known as the Covenant Chain, to relocate Indians whose lands the colonists desired.

Leisler's Rebellion

In May of 1689 the city militia of New York had seized the harbor's main fort, begun to repair its defenses, and called elections for an assembly. Andros had sailed for England. The leader, still riding high, denied newly arrived English troops entry to key forts for fear that they were loyal to James II. After a brief skirmish, the leader was arrested and charged with treason for firing of royal troops.

New Lights, Old Lights

Rival Presbyterian branches. One denied new parishes legal status and tried to force the other into paying tithes. Many of the other were expelled from their legislature. the other reached out to slaves, some of whom joined white churches. the other preachers became missionaries to Indians still residing in the colonies.

Society of Friends

Quakers.

James Oglethorpe

He shaped Georgia's early years and dominated the provincial board of trustees. He established the port of entry, Savannah, in 1733. He tried to ban slavery and the importation of rum in Georgia. It didn't end up working.

George Whitefield

Charismatic English cleric with an overpowering presence and a booming voice. He inspired thousands, mainly young adults, to seek salvation. Within four years of his arrival, 20 percent of those under age forty-five had been "born again."

John Cotton

He was the chief architect of the Nonseparatists' congregationalism. His plan placed the control of each congregation in the hands of male saints.

The New England Way

No separation of church and state. IT set high standards for identifying saints by insisting that candidates for church membership provide a soul-baring "relation" or account of their conversion before the congregation.

Old Deluder ACt

In 1647, Massachusetts Bay Colony passed this saying that every town of 50+ households was to appoint one teacher from whom all children could receive instruction. Every town of 100+ households was to maintain a grammar school with a teacher capable of preparing students for university level learning.

Roger Williams

The first person to challenge the New England Way. He was very respected but started to question the legal base of congregationalism, insisting that church and states be separate. He was banished and went and bought land from Indians and created Rhode Island.

Antinomianism

The name for Anne Hutchinson's followers. The word means those opposed to the rule of law.

Anne Hutchinson

She presented a 2nd challenge to New England Way. She began to imply that her own minister wasn't a saint and told others in her congregation that they could ignore his words. They brought her to trial and she talked her way out of it until she said she talked directly to the Holy Ghost. She was banished to Rhode Island and was later killed by Indians.

The Half-Way Covenant

A compromise which permitted the children of all baptized members, including non-saints, to be baptized. Marked the end of the New England Way.

King Phillip's War

Tension between Puritans in Plymouth and the Wampanoag tribe including their leader Metacom. Plymouth leaders hung 3 Wamponoags for killing a christian Indian and several others were shot while burglarizing a farm. Metacom organized 2/3 of the Indians into a military alliance. The Indians wiped out 12/90 towns and killed 900 colonists. The following year Puritan militia destroyed the Indians food supplies and sold hundreds into slavery including Metacom's wife and child. About 3.000 Indians died in battle or starved including Metacom.

The Pequot War

Friction developed with Indians living in the Connecticut river valley who controlled the trade in furs and wampum with New Netherland. Troops led by Captain John Mason surrounded and set fire to one of the villages and cut down all those who tried to escape. Several hundred, mostly women and kids, were killed.

Praying Towns

New England Native Americans surrendered much of their independence and moved into these. One such named Natick. Indians were prohibited to practice their religion and missionaries were encouraged to convert them to Christianity.

House of Burgesses

During the 1650s the assembly split into two chambers, this, which was elected people, and the appointed Governors council. Took place in Virginia and later royal colonies also adopted this bicameral pattern.

John Winthrop

Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company. Delivered "A Model of Christian Charity" speech. The city upon a hill guy.

Lord Baltimore

Grants by the crown replaced joint-stock companies. The first such grant, or proprietorship, went to this man for creating Maryland. He intended to make it a refuge for English colonists. It didn't work and fell to Protestants. He drafted and passed Act of Toleration.

Barbados Code

Slave code of 1661 which required but never defined adequate shelter and diet for slaves. Slaves were stripped of all legal rights and protections. They could not be tried by juries and had no guarantee of a fair legal hearing.

Bacon's Rebellion

300 settlers elected a member of the Royal Council to lead them against the nearby Indians in Virginia. The expedition found only peaceful Indians but slaughtered them anyway. Governor Berkeley recalled him and his 1300 men and they were forbidden to attack Indians. The forces turned against the government and burned Jamestown. Before the uprising could proceed further,, the leader died of dysentery and his followers dispersed.

John Dickinson

Resistance to the Revenue Act remained weak until this man, a Delaware planter and Philadelphia lawyer, published "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania." These twelve essays emphasized that Parliament had no right to tax trade for the simple purpose of raising revenue.

Samuel Adams

Many colonists followed the lead of this Massachusetts assemblyman who expressed hope that American would become a "Christian Sparta." Published the "Journal of the Times." He orchestrated the funeral for the Boston Massacre martyrs.

Thomas Paine

Americans' sentimental attachment to the king, the last emotional barrier to independence, crumbled in January 1776 with the publication of this man's book Common Sense. He told Americans what they had been unable to bring themselves to say: that at the root of the conspiracy against American liberty lay not corrupt politicians but the very institutions of monarchy and empire.

Proclamation of 1763

This asserted royal control of land transactions, settlements, and trade of non-Indians west of the Appalachians and recognized existing Indian land titles everywhere west of the "proclamation line" which ran down the crest of the Appalachian Mountains.

Sugar Act

Parliament passed it to offset part of Britain's North American military expenses. It ended long-standing exemption of colonial trade from revenue raising measures therefore it triggered tension between Britain and the colonies. It amended the Molasses Act of 1733.

Declaratory Act

Parliament revoked the Stamp Act but simultaneously passed this act, affirming parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."

Townshend Duties

Passed in 1767 it put a tax on glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported into the colonies. In 1770 they repealed it, except they kept the tea tax.

Coercive/Intolerable Acts

Four acts. One ordered the navy to close Boston harbor unless the town arranaged to pay for the ruined tea by June 1. The second revoked the Massachusetts charter and made the colon's government less democratic. The third permitted any person charged with murder while enforcing royal authority in Massachusetts to be tried in England or in another colony. The last allowed the governor to request empty private buildings for quartering.

Stamp Act

This obligated Americans to purchase and use specially marked or stamped paper for newspapers, custom documents, wills, contracts, and other public legal documents.

Boston Massacre

In response to Bostonians' violence, 1700 British troops landed in Boston in October 1768. When an officer tried to disperse a crowd led by Crispus Attucks the mob responded with a barrage of flying objects. One soldier, knocked down by a block of ice, fired, and the others opened fire. Their volley killed fiver people, including Attucks.

Thomas Hutchinson

Massachusetts governor who's letters were printed by Samuel Adams that advocated "an abridgment of what are called English liberties" and "a great restraint of natural liberty." His correspondence confirmed Americans' suspicions that a plot was afoot to destroy their basic freedoms.

Pontiac's Rebellion

An Ottawa Indian and other leaders forged an anti-British coalition that sacked eight British forts along the Great Lakes and besieged British position at Detroit and Pittsburgh. Short on food and ammunition, suffering a smallpox epidemic (deliberately spread by the British), and recognizing that the French would not return, the Indians surrendered in early fall.

Albany Plan of Union

In mid-1754 seven northern colonies sent delegates to New York to plan their mutual defense in the face of certain French retaliation. The delegates endorsed a plan for a colonial confederation drawn up by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson. However it collapsed because no colonial legislature would surrender control over its powers of taxation, not even to fellow Americans.

Committees of correspondence

Samuel Adams persuaded Boston's town meeting to request that every Massachusetts community appoint people to exchange information and to coordinate measure to defend colonial rights. By early 1774 a communications web linked colonial leaders.

Olive Branch Petition

Sent to George III presenting three demands: a cease-fire in Boston, repeal the Coercive Acts, and negotiations to establish guarantees of American rights. Was also kind of like a "we screwed up, please love us again" message. Last attempt at resolving the conflict before the declaration of independence.

James Madison

Created Virginia Plan. Helped write The Federalist papers. In the most profound essay in the series, he argued that the nation's size and diversity would neutralize the attempts of factions to steer unwise laws through Congress. That analysis was far too optimistic.

Alexander Hamilton

New York congressman who helped engineer a dangerous gamble, later known as the Newburgh Conspiracy. Leader of Federalists, he hinted strongly that if the state convention rejected the Constitution, New York City would secede and join the Union alone, leaving upstate New York a landlocked enclave. Consequently, New York ratified. Helped write Federalist papers.

Shays Rebellion

A Revolutionary War officer and hard-pressed farmer led 2,000 angry en in an attempt to shut down the courts and to prevent foreclosures and tax auctions. His followers won control of the Massachusetts legislature and cut taxes and secured a pardon for the leader. Indicated the need for a strong national government.

Northwest Ordinance

1787, defined the land north of the Ohio River as the _____________ Territory, provided for its later division into states, and forbade slavery in the territory. Three steps for admitting states to the Union. 1)appoint a territorial governor and judges 2)if 5,000 males lived there, the people would write a temporary constitution and elect a legislature 3)when 60,000+ population they would write a states constitution, which Congress would approve.

Virginia Plan

Madison's plan which specified the Constitution was based on. A controversial part of this at the Constitution Convention was there was a bicameral legislation and made representation in both houses of Congress proportional to each state's population. The voters would elect the lower house, which would then choose delegates to the upper house from nominations submitted by the states legislatures.

New Jersey Plan

This plan, opposed to the Virginia Plan which gave the bigger states a majority, allowed the seven smallest states, with only 25% of the US population to control Congress.

Connecticut Compromise

How they fixed the debate between the Virginia and New Jersey plans. It gave an equal vote for each state in the upper house and proportional representation in the lower house.

Federalists and Antifederalists

Those who supported the Constitution. Those who didn’t were people who believed that the Constitution did not balance the power of the state and the national governments. The latter doubted that such a balance was even possible.

Articles of Confederation

John Dickinson drafted a proposal for a national government. They reserved to each state "its sovereignty, freedom and independence" and made American citizens of their states first and of the United States second.

Separation of powers, Federalism, Checks and balances

F_________ was a system of shared power and dual lawmaking by the state and national governments--to limit central authority. They established three distinct branches. They also designed this to prevent one branch from dominating another.

Entails, Primogeniture

required that the eldest son inherit all property if there was no will; dictated that an heir and his descendants keep an estate intact-- that is, neither sell nor divide it. Thomas Jefferson drafted a series of bills that attacked those.

Joseph Brant

In the East pro-British Iroquois were led by this Mohawk leader who devastated the New York and Pennsylvania frontiers.

Marquis de Lafayette

A young French aristocrat that joined Washington's staff. His arrival indicated that France might recognize American independence and declare war on Britain.

Battle of Saratoga

General Horatio Gates of the Continental Army gathered a force of 17,000 rebels and attacked British General John Burgoyne. Burgoyne's troops, surrounded and outnumbered, surrendered on October 17, 1777. This victory proved to the French court that the Americans could win the war and thus deserved diplomatic recognition.

The Federalist

A series of 85 newspaper articles by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. They did little to influence the New York vote, but they did provide a glimpse of the framers; intentions in designing the Constitution and thus powerfully shaped the American philosophy of government. Two purposes: 1)defend minority rights against majority tyranny and 2)prevent a stubborn minority from blocking measures necessary for the national interest.

Report on Public Credit

Hamilton gave this to Congress which listed $54 million in U.S. war debt, and on top of that, the states had debts of $25 million that the US had promised to reimburse. He recommended that the federal government "fund" the national debt by raising $54 million in new securities to honor the Revolutionary debt. Purchasers of these securities could choose from several combinations of federal "stock" and western lands.

Report on Manufactures

It advocated protective tariffs on imports to foster domestic manufacturing, which would in turn attract immigrants and create national wealth.

Bank of the United States

When creating this, Hamilton argued that this would cost taxpayers nothing and greatly benefit the nation. It would provide a safe place for federal deposits, make inexpensive loans to the government when taxes fell short, and relieve the scarcity of hard cash by issuing paper notes. It would also regulate state banks and provide much-needed credit for economic expansion.

Whiskey Rebellion

Western Pennsylvanians opposed this tax created by Hamilton. One hundred men attacked a US marshal serving delinquent taxpayers with summonses to appear in court in Philadelphia. A crowd of 500 burned the chief revenue officer's house following a shootout with federal soldiers. It was a milestone in determining the limits of public opposition to federal policies.

Jay's Treaty

A British promise to withdraw troops from American soil. He also gained American access to West Indian markets, but only by bargaining away US rights to load cargoes of sugar, molasses, and coffee from the Caribbean. It left Britain free not only to violate American neutrality but also to restrict US trade with French ports during wartime. He also failed to gain compensation fro slaves taken by the British during the Revolution.

Pinckney's Treaty

Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo with Spain gave westerners unrestricted, duty-free access to world markets via the Mississippi River. Spain also promised to recognize the thirty-first parallel as the US's southern boundary, to dismantle all fortifications of American soil, and to discourage Indian attacks against western settlers.

XYZ Affair

The French foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand, refused to meet with the Americans, instead promising through three unnamed agents that talks could begin after he received $250,000 and France obtained a $12 million loan. This discredited Republican foreign policy view.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Four measures that federalist congress passed because of the possibility of war with France. One was designed to prevent wartime espionage or sabotage. Another authorized the president to expel foreign residents whose activities he considered dangerous and required no proof of guilt. Another increased the residency requirement for US citizenship fro 5 to 14 years to reduce Irish voting. The last forbade an individual or a group "to oppose any measure or measures of the United States" -- wording that could be interpreted to ban any criticism of the party in power.

Virginia and Kentucky resolutions

Anonymously written by Madison and Jefferson they proclaimed that state legislatures retained both their right to judge the constitutionality of federal actions and an authority called interposition which enabled them to protect the liberties of their citizens. A set later added that states could "nullify" objectionable federal laws.

Bill of Rights

First eight amendments guaranteed person liberties, rather than strip the national government of authority. Madison played a leading role in drafting the ten amendments that were ratified in December 1791.

Impressment

British naval officers began inspecting American crew for British subjects, whom they then forcibly enlisted as the king's sailors. Overzealous commanders sometimes exceeded order by taking US citizens and in any case Britain did not recognize its former subjects' right to adopt American citizenship.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures. The Supreme Court exercised final jurisdiction. Congress's compromise respected state traditions while offering wide access to federal justice.

Fugitive Slave Law

This law required judges to award possession of a runaway slave on a formal request by a master or his representative. Accused runaways were denied jury trials and sometimes were refused permission to present evidence. It even denied free blacks the legal protections guaranteed to them under the Bill of Rights.

Handsome Lake

In 1799, a Seneca prophet led his people in a creative effort to resolve the social and moral crisis. He tried to end alcoholism among Indians, he welcomed Quaker missionaries and federal aid to help teach their agricultural methods to Iroquois men. Iroquois women resisted, but those who did were accused of witchcraft, and some were killed.

Quasi-War with France

In response to the XYZ affair, Congress armed 54 ships to protect US commerce. The new warships joined an undeclared Franco-American naval conflict in the Caribbean from 1798 to 1800, during which US forces seized 93 French privateers at the loss of just one ship. The British navy meanwhile extended the protection of its convoys to the US merchant marine. By early 1799 the French no longer posed a serious threat at sea.

John Marshall

A chief justice who was the son of a farmer not an aristocrat therefore instilling in him a burning attachment to the Union rather than to any state. He made the decision in Marbury v. Madison, and for the first time declared an act of Congress unconstitutional.

Andrew Jackson

Old Hickory. British force descended upon him in New Orleans in War of 1812 and he shredded the line of advancing redcoats, inflicting more than 2,000 casualties while suffering only 13 of their own.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State to President Monroe. He also organized the Monroe Doctrine and several other treaties.

Missouri Compromise

It admitted Maine as a free state and Missouri as a slave state. It also prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36°30'.

Yazoo Land Compromise

In 1795 the Georgia legislature had sold 35 million acres of present day Alabama and Mississippi for a fraction of its value to land companies that had bribed virtually the entire legislature. The next legislature canceled the sale, but many investors had already bought land, some of them in good faith. Because of this, Jefferson compromised by awarding 5 million acres to the Yazoo investors

Treaty of Ghent

Treaty signed on Christmas Eve, 1814, which restored status quo ante bellum (the state of affairs before the war) so they neither gained nor lost any territory.

Hartford Convention

A special Federalist convention where they proposed a series of constitutional amendments: to abolish the three-fifths clause, to require a two-thirds vote of Congress to declare war and to admit new states into the Union; to limit the president to a single term; to prohibit the elction of two successive presidents from the same state; and to bar embargoes lasting more than sixty days.

Monroe Doctrine

Announced three key principles: the U.S. policy was to avoid European wars unless American interests were involved, that the "American continents" were not "subjects for future colonization by any European power," and that the United States would construe any European attempt at colonization as an "unfriendly act."

Embargo Act, Macon's Bill #2, and Non-Intercourse Act

The ———- prohibited vessels from leaving American harbors for foreign ports. The ———_ replaced the first act, which opened US trade to all nations except Britain and France and authorized the president to restore trade with either of those nations if it stopped violating neutral rights. ——————— replaced that which reopened trade with both belligerents and then offered a clumsy bribe to each.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Treaty by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams that strengthened the peace with Great Britain by demilitarizing the Great Lakes.

Adams-Onis Treaty

In 1819 Spain agreed to this treaty, ceding East Florida to the United States, renouncing all claims to West Florida, and agreeing to a boarder that ran north along the Sabine River, then west along the Red and Arkansas Rivers to the Rockies, and then along the 42 parallel to the Pacific. Finally, the US had a legitimate claim to the Pacific coast.

Judiciary Act of 1801

This act, under a Federalist-controlled federal bench, created sixteen new federal judgeships to relieve Supreme Court justices of circuit-riding responsibilities but reduced the number of justices from six to five.

Chesapeake Affair

This heightened British-American tensions. In June of 1807 a British warship, HMS Leopard, attacked an American frigate just off Virginia. The British boarded the vessel and seized four supposed deserters. Never before had the British claimed the right to seize deserters off government ships.

British Orders in Council, Berlin and Milan Decrees

this is where Britain intended to blockade part of continental Europe and thus staunch the flow of any products that might aid French war effort.