Romanticism and Scotland

When were the Wars of Independence and who were key figures?

Late 13th and early 14th century clashing with England when they came to exert control, Robert the Bruce and William Wallace

What was the Declaration made by Robert the Bruce?

Declaration of Arbroath in 1320, stating there would be no English rule in Scotland and sent to the pope

How were Wallace and Bruce remembered?

Respected, as fighting for rule and national duty, not for country.

What is the Union of the Crowns?

After Elizabeth I dies, her cousin James I of Scotland takes over and it becomes the United Kingdoms, moving the court from Edinburgh to London.

What caused the 7 ill years?

a severe famine at the end of the 17th century

What did Scots invest in, and what effects did it have?

The Darien Scheme, investing in establishing a Scottish colony in Panama, which failed in 1700 losing 20% of the economy. This motivated union with England to relieve National Debt. England wanted this to prevent Scotland establishing a second monarchy.

When was the Act of Union passed?

1707, many felt Scotland was wrongfully sold

What were the Jacobite risings?

The Stuart king was booted for William of Orange, as he was Protestant. This angered many, and first rising was in 1689 which failed. 2nd and 3rd did too.

Who were fighting in the Jacobite risings?

Catholic highlanders

How did the risings end?

in 1745 with the battle of Culloden. Afterwards, any idea of highland culture was suppressed: language, tartan

How was the Jacobite Risings seen in history?

Began to be romanticised. Viewed sympathetically. However, misunderstandings as Jacobite political symbols used to mean a generalised Scottish identity.

The White Cockade

Seen in Bonnie Prince Charlie by Mosman in 1750, and The Jacobite rose by Millais in 1862: a romanticised ideal of the wife sewing it onto the cap, but he is doomed to fail. Innocence

How is the enlightenment period related to Scottish history?

It coincided with he aftermath of the battle of Culloden, the lowlands flourished. However, the city has a dark side as the poverty gap increases.

When was the RSA founded?

1826, and granted royal charter in 1838

Who is Sir Walter Scott and how is he relevant to Romanticism?

A Scottish novelist, whose books were often set in the Scottish highlands. This was a large contrast to how the highlands had been viewed = unexplored, dangerous and savage.

What is highlandism?

Begins in 1822 when George the IV visits, wanting to show how he is also the king of the Scots. Tartan becomes an accepted symbol for Scotland

The Battle of Culloden

David Morier 1746: The highlanders presented dark, unkept beards. They are ‘savages’ with lots of weapons all pointing in various directions and faces are caricature. The British are pointing in unison at their enemy, one soldier pierces the heart of a highlander. There is an exposed embarrassing death. The artist was commissioned to commemorate the British victory.

At Bay

The Highland Outpost

John Pettie 1878: golden light falls on a figure we know is doomed, as he is at the Jacobite rising, indicates nobility and valour. Sheer determination on grip of the sword and fiery red hair.

The Thin Red Line

Robert Gibb 1881: Shows the battle of Balaclava in 1854, where the highland regiment has become a part of the British army. They have tartan and redcoats as a part of the British army. Russian soldier and horse seem to bow after being shot. The bayonets that once pointed at them now point at the enemy. A display of union nationalism

Loch Katrine

Horatio McCulloch 1866: Famous for being the land of mountain mist and flood. nature of the sublime by this impressive landscape. Inspired by Lady of the lake by Walter Scott. Alluded to storm in the front by broken trees. This became the paradigm of Scottish art, favoured by the RSA

Monarch of the Glen

Edward Landseer, 1851: very detailed animal painting, relates to deer hunting in highland society. New laws protecting private hunting grounds in deer forests meant that hunting was an upper class sport. Looking at this stag with the gaze of a hunter, maybe not representative of all Scottish experience. However, reprinted so many time = a successful Scottish ambassador?