Unit 3.2 and 3.3 AP Bio

Reactants of Light Dependent Reactions

Light and water

Products of Light Dependent Reactions

Oxygen, sugar

Where do light reactions take place?

In the thylakoid membrane

Reactants of the Calvin Cycle

Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH

Products of the Calvin Cycle

Glucose/Carbs/Sugar/G3P (pick one)

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

In the stroma of the chloroplasts

What are the three steps of the Calvin Cycle?

Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration of RuBP.

Stomata

Tiny openings on plant leaves that allow gas exchange.

Xylem

Transports water and dissolved minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.

Phloem

Transports sugars and nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

Phototropism

When plants start growing towards the sun/any available light source

Auxin

A hormone that stimulates plant growth on the darker side of a plant, enabling it to grow in the direction of the sun

Transpiration

When plants lose water from the stomata during photosynthesis, regulates water and nutrient flow

What does it mean when a plant absorbs light? What does it mean when a plant reflects light?

Absorbing light means the plant uses it for photosynthesis, while reflecting light affects the color of the plant (green plants REFLECT green light, and absorb the other colors for photosynthesis)

What was the process of evolution of photosynthesis?

1. Prokaryotes (anaerobic heterotrophs) used glycolysis to generate energy, very ineffective

2. The first photoautotrophs used only the PS 1 and created NADPH

3. Cyanobacteria used both PS 1 and 2, more efficient, created ATP

4. Endosymbiotic theory occurred, allowed compartmentalization of tasks and provided efficiency

REVIEW: What is evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?

Double membraned cells, circular DNA (only need 2)

Inputs of Glycolysis

2 ATP, glucose, (2 NAD +)

Outputs of Glycolysis

4 ATP (2 net ATP), 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

Where is glycolysis located?

Cytoplasm of the mitochondria

What happens to pyruvate before the Kreb’s Cycle?

Converts to Acetyl CoA

What are the inputs of the Kreb’s Cycle?

Acetyl CoA

What are the outputs of the Kreb’s Cycle?

CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP

Where is the Kreb’s Cycle located?

Matrix of the mitochondria

What are the inputs of the ETC?

NADH, FADH2

What are the outputs of the ETC?

~30 ATP, H20

Where is the ETC located?

Inner membrane of the mitochondria?

What are the steps of evolution of photosynthesis?

Glycolysis, photosynthesis made oxygen, aerobic respiration of bacteria, endosymbiotic theory

Anaerobic respiration

Respiration without oxygen, only glycolysis. Waste is either lactic acid or ethanol, very little ATP

Aerobic respiration

Respiration with oxygen, more ATP than anaerobic

Chemiosmosis

The diffusion of ions across a membrane (H+)