3.3 (part 2) Aquatic Mammals, Bones and Joints

What is mammal

• produce milk

• breathe air

• live birth

• warm blooded

• hair or fur

Aquatic mammal adaptations

1. Streamlining - Smooth skin, torpedo shaped

2. Evolution of limbs into flippers - hand like bones in forelimb flippers, hind limbs lost

3. Tail Adaptations - powerful muscles in tail achieves high efficiency and speed

4. Airways made for periodic breathing - Breath holding, high [hemoglobin] for efficient O2 exchange, rapid inspirations/expiration via blowhole

how to draw hip joint

check notes

Vertebrates vs Arthropods

Vertebrates: Endoskeletons (internal)

Arthropods : Exoskeleton (external)

what are invertebrates

Organisms with no skeleton at all

Bones vs Cartilage

Bones = the hard parts of the skeleton

Cartilage = tough, elastic tissue that protects joints and bones

What is synovial fluid

Thick liquid that lubricates joints

draw hip joint

check notes

How is a joints range of motion measured

Using goniometer (in degrees)