Equine Prioplasms, Entomology, Acarology, Nematocera, Brachycera, and Cyclorrhapha

What two types Equine Prioplasm?

Babeisa caballi and Theileria equi

How do you differentiate B. caballi and B. equi?

B. caballi - large prioplasms, usually paired
T. equi - small prioplasms, can be found in tetrads

How is Equine Prioplasm transmitted?

Ticks

True or False: Africa, the middle East, and Central and South American are endemic with Equine Prioplasm while the United States is non-endemic but can have sporadic outbreaks.

True

What ticks transmit B. caballi?

Dermacentor nitens and Dermacentor albipictus

What ticks transmit T. equi?

Dermacentor variabilis, Amblyomma cajennense, and Rhipicephalus microplus

What are the clinical signs of Equine Prioplasms?

Fever, lethargy, edema, pale mucous membranes, anemia, and thrombocytopenia

True or False: Prevention of Equine Prioplasm is different depending on endemic and non-endemic regions.

True

How do you prevent Equine Prioplasm in the US and Canada?

Import and export surveillance, thorough examination of ticks, and reduce contact of horses with ticks in areas bordering endemic nations

What do you do with a horse that is positive for Equine Prioplasm?

Quarantine until complete clearance

What is this?

Babesia caballi

What is this?

Theileria equi

True or False: About 80% of entomology and acarology species are arthropods.

True

What does mechanical vector mean?

Pathogens are transmitted by arthropods via contaminated appendages (usually mouthparts) or regurgitation of an infectious blood meal

What does biological vector mean?

Pathogens undergo development or reproduction in the arthropod host

What are the three body regions of insects?

Head, thorax, and abdomen

What is included in the head region of an insect?

Eyes, antennae, and mouthparts

What is included in the thorax region of an insect?

Legs (jointed appendages) ± wings

Up to how many segments are in the abdomen region of an insect?

Up to 11 segments

True or False: The exoskeleton of an insect is impermeable to water.

True

True or False: Insects undergo molting to accommodate growth.

True

What is the stage between two molts called?

Instar

What are the three main fly groups?

Nematocera, Brachycera, and Cyclorrhapha

What type of antennae do Nematocera flies have?

Multisegmented antennae

What type of antennae do Brachycera flies have?

Stylate antennae

What type of antennae do Cyclorrhapha flies have?

Aristate antennae

What type of antennae are these?

Multisegmented antennae

What type of antennae is this?

Aristate antennae

What type of antennae is this?

Stylate antennae

What species are in the fly group Nematocera?

Mosquitoes, black flies, sand flies, and biting midges

What species are in the fly group Brachycera?

Horse flies and deer flies

What species are in the fly group Cyclorrhapha?

House flies, blow flies, and bot flies

What diseases do mosquitoes cause in intermediate hosts?

Dirofilaria immitis in dogs and cats, and Seteria in horses, cattle, and deer

What diseases do mosquitoes cause in definitive hosts?

Malaria, EEE, WEE, SLE, Yellow Fever, West Nile, Dengue, Chikungunya, etc.

What is the causative agent of Malaria?

Plasmodium spp.

Personal protection against mosquitoes includes what?

Window screens, synthetic pyrethroid impregnated bed nets, chemical repellents such as DEET applied to skin or clothing

Organized control programs/surveillance against mosquitoes includes what?

Surveillance for mosquito-borne disease pathogens, mosquito distribution, abundance and activity - implement abatement programs

Habitat modifications against mosquitoes includes what?

Rendering adult mosquito resting places unsuitable, reducing sources to prevent oviposition, hatching, and larval development

Biological control against mosquitoes for fish includes what?

Prevent feeding on mosquito larvae and remove aquatic vegetation that supports mosquito larvae

Genetic control of mosquitoes includes what?

Releasing sterile males and replacement of natural populations with strain that are poor vectors

Chemical control of mosquitoes includes what?

Larvicides and adulticides

What is the genus of black flies?

Simulium

Where are black flies found?

Northern US and Canada

Black flies are active when and breed where?

Active in late spring to early summer, breed on swiftly flowing waters

True or False: Black fly bites are painful and the mouthparts lacerate tissues creating a pool of blood that they imbibe.

True

Where are black fly eggs laid?

Eggs are laid on vegetation at surface of flowing water

What are biological vectors of Simulium?

Onchocerca of horses, cattle, and sheep. Dirofilaria ursi of bears. Leucocytozoon (protozoa of birds)

How can you prevent Simulium?

Smoke screens, personal protection, shelters for livestock and poultry, and petroleum jelly to inner surface of pinna

What are the two different genera of sand flies?

Phlebotomus and Lutzomiya (US)

True or False: Sand flies have short and broad wings. They are weak flyers; have short hops; are easily blown away by air currents, and are nocturnal.

True

Where do adult sand flies lay eggs?

Adult sand flies lay eggs in cracks and crevices, under stones with moderate temps, darkness, and 100% humidity

What disease do sandflies cause?

Leishmaniasis

What are 3 ways to prevent Leishmaniasis from sand flies?

Insect repellents, deltamethrin impregnated collars, permethrin and imidacloprid spot-on formation

What is the genera of biting midges?

Culicoides

What are two other names for biting midges?

Punkies and no-see-ums

True or False: Biting midges are very painful biters.

True

Where do female biting midges lay their eggs?

In moist soil, mud, or decaying matter

True or False: Biting midges are found in the Southern US.

True

What do biting midges cause in sheep and cattle?

Bluetongue virus

What do biting midges cause in ruminants and deer?

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus

What do biting midges cause in horses?

Allergic dermatitis

True or False: Biting midges breeding sites are hard to locate, and biting midges can pass through mosquito screens.

True

Repellents containing what are effective against biting midges?

DEET

Besides repellent, what are two ways to control biting midges?

Avoid outdoor activities during fly active periods and treatments of resting sites with residual insecticides

Horse flies and deer flies are known as what?

Brachycera

True or False: Brachycera flies have a blade-like mouth with a sponging labella. They are strong fliers, hard to repel, painful biters, and consume 4x their body weight.

True

What Brachycera fly is this?

Horse fly

What Brachycera fly is this?

Deer fly

Where do Brachycera flies bite cattle, deer, and horses?

Shoulders, back, and sides

True or False: Brachycera fly bites bleed for many minutes attracting opportunists such as Musca spp. These bites can cause production loss and behavior changes.

True

What do mechanical vectors of disease transmission with Brachycera flies cause?

Equine infectious anemia, anaplasmosis, and anthrax

What do biological vectors of disease transmission with Brachycera flies cause?

Trypanosoma theileri of cattle and Elaeophora schneideri of deer, elk, and sheep

What are ways to control Brachycera flies?

Put livestock in stables during fly activity periods and use fly repellent

True or False: Brachycera flies are easy to control.

False - they are hard to control

House flies, blow flies, and bot flies are known as what?

Cyclorrhapha

What are the characteristics of Cyclorrhapha pupa?

Cylindrical, hardened cuticle

What are the characteristics of Cyclorrhapha larvae?

Posterior respiratory spiracles

What are the two non-biting muscid flies?

Musca domestica and Musca autumnalis

What are the two biting muscid flies?

Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans

What is the difference between Musca domestica and Musca autumnalis?

Musca domestica has a pointed abdomen and the Musca autumnalis has a rounded abdomen

What is the difference between Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans?

Stomoxys calcitrans has a checkerboard abdomen and the Haematobia irritans is smaller in size

What fly is this?

Musca domestica

What fly is this?

Musca autumnalis

What fly is this?

Stomoxys calcitrans

What fly is this?

Haematobia irritans

What is the common name of Musca domestica?

House fly

What is the common name of Musca autumnalis?

Face fly

What is the common name of Stomoxys calcitrans?

Stable fly

What is the common name of Haematobia irritans?

Horn fly of cattle

What is this breeding site for Musca domestica? Musca autumnalis?

Musca domestica: Manure or decaying material
Musca autumnalis: Fresh cow feces

What is the breeding site for Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans?

Stomoxys calcitrans: Old manure (horse and cow)/decaying vegetation
Haematobia irritans: Fresh cow manure

What are the characteristics of adult Musca domestica, Musca autumnalis, and Stomoxys calcitrans?

Musca domestica: 6-9mm with 4 dark stripes; sponging mouthparts
Musca autumnalis: Same as domestica but larger
Stomoxys calcitrans: Same ss domestica but with bayonet mp

What are the characteristics of Haematobia irritans?

1/2 the size of Musca domestica; mouth parts similar to Stomoxys calcitrans but smaller

What does Musca domestica transmit?

Draschia megastomum, Habronema muscae, and poultry tapeworms

What does Musca autunmnalis transmit?

Pinkeye and Thelazia

What does Stomoxys calcitrans transmit?

T. evansi, possibly Habronema

What does Haematobia irritans transmit?

Stephanofilaria

What are the 4 ways to control muscid flies?

Prevetion of breeding, ridding of adult flies, exclusion of adult flies, and a combination of all three

How do you prevent breeding of muscid flies?

Sanitation, adulticides, larvicides, waste disposal, and compost piles

How do you get rid of adult muscid flies?

Traps and baits, chemical fogs or mists