Characteristics of all fish
aquatic, bilaterally symmetrical, endoskeleton, ectotherms
Characteristics of most fish
gills, vertebrae, jaws, scales, paired fins
Class Myxini
jawless, live on the seafloor, slimy
ex. Hagfish
Class Cephalaspidormorphi
jawless, parasitic
ex. Lamprey
Class Chondrichthyes
cartilaginous fish
ex. Sharks, skates, and rays
Superclass Osteichthyes
bony fish
in the superclass: Class Actinopterygii
ray-finned fishes
ex. Trout, salmon, tuna, goldfish, angelfish, etc.
in the superclass: Class Sarcopterygii
lobe-finned fishes, muscular fish, some have lungs
ex. Lungfish and coelacanth
Anterior Dorsal Fin
Located on the dorsal side and is used to help balance the shark
Posterior Dorsal Fin
Located on the dorsal side toward the posterior and is used to balance the shark
Pelvic Fin
Located on the ventral side toward the posterior end and also helps to maintain balance
Caudal Fin
Located on the posterior end and provides downward propulsion; ātail finā
Pectoral Fin
Located on the ventral surface close to the anterior end and they counteract all downward propulsion by providing upward lift
Spiracle
Opening behind the eye that provides oxygenates blood directly tot hey eye and brain through separate blood vessels; ABSENT IN MANY FAST SWIMMMING SHARKS
Lateral Line System
Detects movement in the water; appears as a single groove with many pores along each side; responds to changes in pressure and vibrations
Gill Slits
Covers gills; allows water to exit after it passes over the gills
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Small vesicles and pores that form extensive sensory networks, found around the head, visible as dark spots; detects weak magnetic fields
Internal Anatomy of a Shark
Oily liver, Stomach, Esophagus, Spiral Intestine, Spiral Valve, Spleen, Heart (2 chamberedā Atrium: receives blood (ventricle: pumps blood)) gillsā oxygenates the blood, 5-7 pairs
How Do You Tell if the Shark is Male or Female
Males have claspers on the pelvic fins and females do not
Caudal Fin on Osteichthyes
provides propulsion
Anal Fin on Osteichthyes
Located on the ventral side in the most posterior posotion
Pectoral Fin on Osteichthyes
located on the sides (laterally) behind the operculum. Used for steering and breaking
Operculum
protective flap of tissue covering the gills
water enters the mouth, passes over the gills, and then exits through the operculum
pumps water out of the gills
Nares
ānostrilsā usually 2 pairs
Peduncle
junction where the body meets the caudal fin
Swim bladder
Provides buoyancy by absorbing gas from the blood stream
Chondrichtheys
Immovable Fins
Cartilage Skeletons
Placoid Scales
Buoyancy from Oily Liver
Breathe by moving constantly
Gill slits cover the gills
5-7 pairs of gills
Osteichthyes
Movable Fins
Bone Skeletons
Cycloid Scales
Buoyancy from Swim Bladder
Breathe by Pumping Water over the Gills using the Operculum
4 pairs of Gills
Internal Fertilization
fertilization of the egg happens inside the femaleās body
Advantage: more protected āparental careā
Disadvantage: less offspring
Energy Input: into āparental careā
External Fertilization
fertilization happens outside of the femaleās body; females lay eggs and males spread sperm on them
Advantages: LOTS of offspring to make sure at least some survive
Disadvantages: little to no āparental careā so less survival
Energy Input: into the production of the numerous offspring