Eukaryotic cell

Manufacturing

Involves the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

• making of a protein or enzyme

Breakdown

Molecules involve lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes

• of an internalized bacterium by a phagocytic cell

Energy processing

Involves mitochondria in animal cells and chloroplasts in plant cells

• ATP

• Structural support, movement, and communication involve cytoskeleton, plasma membrane and cell wall

NOT found in plant cells

Lysosomes and centrioles

NOT found in animal cells

Cell wall, chloroplasts, and central vacuole

The Plasma Membrane

The boundary of the cell

• Two layers of fat and one layer of protein

Phospholipid Bilayer

Hydrophilic head face outward and hydrophobic tails point inward

Nucleus

Controls the cell’s activities and is responsible for inheritance

Chromatin

Contains DNA and proteins, responsible for packaging and organizing the DNA

Chromosomes

Carry genetic information in the form of DNA

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane with pores that allow material to flow in and out of the nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Right next to nucleus which produces ribosomal RNA which then produces ribosomes.

Ribosomes

Involved in the cell’s protein synthesis

Free ribosomes

Are suspended in the cytoplasm

Bound ribosomes

Attached to the ER

Smooth ER

Involved in poison detoxification and lipid synthesis

Can transport vesicles

Rough ER

Involved in protein production

Golgi Apparatus

A series of flattened sacs that modifies, packages, and transports materials out of cell

Works with ribosomes and ER

Lysosomes

Produced by Golgi apparatus that digests molecules or old cell parts

Incoming vesicle

Bring substances into a cell

Secretory vesicle

Fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs

Vacuoles

Membranous sacs that possess an assortment of functions

Central vacuole

Found in plants with hydrolytic functions - electrolytes

Pigment vacuole

In plants to provide colors to flowers

Contractile vacuoles

In some protists to expel water from the cell

Mitochondria

Involved in conversion of chemical energy in foods to chemical energy in ATP

Inner membrane space

Contains enzymes for the electron transport chain and chemiosynthesis.

Matrix

Contains the Krebs Cycle, where carbon dioxide is fixed and glucose is produced.

Chloroplasts

Photosynthesizing organelles of plants

Photosynthesis

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy of sugar molecules