19th Century Industrialization and Imperialism: Key Concepts and Figures

steam engine

An engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power. Made by James Watt

Steamships

ships powered by steam engines used to replaced sailing ships in the mid-19th century when refined high-efficiency engines were invented

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

Stock Market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies

Suffrage

the right to vote

sugar

Cash Crop only found in the Caribbean.

telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

The HSBC

Short name for the powerful 19th century transnational corporation. It was established and based in Hong Kong since the 1865, when Hong Kong was one of the British colonies.

Transnational business

a commercial enterprise that operates substantial facilities,and business in more than one country and does not consider any particular country its home.

United Fruit Company

_________ ______ ________ was an American corporation that traded tropical fruit, they also grew on Central and South American plantations, and sold in Europe and the United States. They overthrew foreign governments for better business terms.

Utopian Socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century._________ __________ hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively

Economic Imperialism

Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments.

Liberian nationalism

nationalist thoughts aroused in Liberia during the 1800's. Liberian Nationalism originated within the discontent between American settlers and natives. These thoughts led to multiple uprisings and the eventual establishment of a Liberian state.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Settler Colonies

Colonies in which the colonizing people settled in large numbers, rather than simply spending relatively small numbers to exploit the region; particularly noteworthy in the case of the British colonies in North America.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.

Vindication of the Rights of Women

Written by Mary Wollstonecraft in 1792, this tract was one of the earliest expressions of feminist consciousness.

Abolition

The action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution. During 17th century, the world went through a global -------- movement to ban slavery

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Anticolonial movements

Examples would be the Indian Revolt of 1857 and the Haitian Rebellion.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops.

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Adopted August 26, 1789, created by the National Assembly to give rights to all (except women).

Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen

a foundational feminist text written in response to the French Revolution's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, exposing its failure to grant women equal rights. written by Olympe de Gouges.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

Led the slave rebellion after the first slave rebel was captured; led to Haitian independence.

Father Hidalgo

Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed

Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution

Maximilien Robespierre

French Revolutionary leader who tried to wipe out every trace of France's past monarchy and nobility

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Michael Sadler

Concerned with the conditions of children who worked in factories; advocated for children's rights in factories

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Sultan Mahmud II

He was Sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1808-39. He enacted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. He abolished the janissaries. He created the Tanzimat reforms, which were carried out by his sons.

Michael Faraday

English chemist who created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Samuel Morse

Invented the telegraph

Matthew Perry

Commodore of the US Navy who opened up Japan with the Treaty of Kanagawa

James K. Polk

president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union.

Empress Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces.