Full English teas exam portion

You often double the final consonant before adding -ed, -ing, -er, -est when the word:

• has 1 syllable

• ends in consonant-vowel-consonant

• and the last letter is not w, x, or y

when adding a suffix, if a word ends with a consonant and y change the y to an ____

if the word ends with a _____ then y keep the y

if it ends with -ing, _____ the y

i

vowel

keep

if the word ends with a c and a suffix begins with e,i,or,y then ____ is usually added to the end of the word before the suffix

k

words are spelled -ie except when they follow a ____ or sound like the letter _ then it is -ei

c, a

to add a suffix to words ending with the letter e, first determine if the the e silent. if the e is silent you ____ it. if the e is pronounced you ____ it

the exception rule occurs when the word ends with ___ or __ and the suffix -able or -ous is added

drop, keep

ce,ge

there are only three words that end with -ceed, they are ____ ____ ___

only one word ends with -sede, it is _____

all the rest end with ____

succeed, proceed, and exceed

supersede

-cede

when to use the suffix -ence, -ency, and -ent

the suffix is proceeded by the letter ___ but sounds like ___

the suffix is proceeded by the letter ___ but sounds like __

c,s

g,j

when to pronunce c as k

when to pronunce c as s

a, o, u

e,i, y

when to use suffixes -ance, -ancy, and -ant

the suffix is preceded by the letter ___ but sounds like __

the suffix is preceded by the letter _with a ____ sound

c,k

g, strong

relative pronouns

They refer back to a noun already mentioned.

• who

• whom

• whose

• which

• that

homophones

words that sound alike but have different spellings and definitions

to vs too

to shows direction purpose, and relationship

Too means also, as well, very, more than enough

An adverb is a word that describes:

• a verb

• an adjective

• or another adverb

Preposition

a word that shows position, time, direction, or relationship.

adjective is a word that describes a noun or pronoun.

it tells you

.what kind

• which one

• how many

.what kind

• which one

• how many

a pronouns ____ a noun

replaces

I,she,him,he,her….

adverb describes everything but a ____

noun

affect vs effect

Affect(n)= felling, emotion, and mood

Affect(v)= to alter, change, influence

Effect(n)= a result, a consequence

Effect(v)= to bring about, to cause to be

homographs

same spelling different meanings

ai vs ia

ai makes one sound in a word

ia makes two sounds in a word

nouns ending in ch, sh, s, x, or, z are pluralized with __ instead of __

es, s

nouns ending in consonant and y it is pluralized by replacing y with ___

nouns ending with a vowel and y it is pluralized by _

ies

s

nouns ending in F or Fe to be pluralized replace the f or fe with ____

what is the only exception

ves

roof is roofs

most nouns ending with the constant and o are pluralized by adding ___

what is the exception

es

musical terms

most nouns ending with a vowel and o are pluralized by adding___

s

how are letters and numbers(in number from like 10) pluralized

‘s

compound noun

when it is not hyphenated how do you pluralize

when it is hyphenated how do you pluralize

a word made up of two or more words

add s or es

add s or es to the main noun, it the nouns are indistinguishable then add it in the end

declarative sentence

gives information or makes a statement

imperative sentence

gives command or an order

direct question always ends with but a polite request could end with _

?, .

when to use a comma,

1. before a coordinating conjunction

2. after an introductory phrase

3. after an adverbial clause

4. between items in a series

5. for interjections

6. after yes or no responses

7. separate nonessential modifiers

8. separate nonessential appositives

9. separate nouns of direct adress

10. separate interrogative tags

11. separate contrasts

12. separate dates

13. separate address

14. writing geographical names

15. writing titles

16. separating expressions like he said/she said

coordinating conjunction

fanboys

for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

An adverbial clause is a

dependent clause that works like an adverb

what is an interjection

words or short phrases that show sudden feeling or emotion.

nonessential modifiers vs nonessential appositives

a nonessential appositive renames a noun

a nonessential modifier adds detail

what are interrogative tags

short questions added to the end of a statement.

when to use semicolons

connect major sentence pieces of equal value

1. between closely connected independent clauses not connected with a coordinating conjunction

2. between independent clauses linked with a transitional word

3. between items in a series that has internal punctuation

when to use colons

colon is used to call attention to the words that follow it. A colon must come after a complete independent clause:

1. After an independent clause to make a list

2. for explanations

3. to give a quote

4. after the greeting in a formal letter

5. show hours and minutes

6. separate a title and subtitle

when to use parentheses

1. extra information

2. series

quotation marks rules and uses

1. direct quotation of a persons spoken or written words “

2. when there is a quote inside a quote you use single marks ‘

3. quotation marks should be used around the titles of short works: newspapers, magazines, articles, poems, short stories, songs, television episodes, radio programs, and subdivisions of books or websites

4. can be used for irony

5. periods and commas are put inside the quotation marks, colons and semicolons are outside

6. question marks and exclamation points are placed inside the quotes if they are part of the quote, they are placed on the outside if they are part of the whole sentence

Apostrophes

show possession and contractions

1. singular nouns= ‘s

2. plural nouns ending in s= s’

3. plural nouns without s= ’s

hyphens

hypens are used to separate compound words

1. compound numbers from 21-99 when written in words

2. written out fractions that are used as adjectives

3. unusual compound words that can be hard to read or unusual

dashes

are used to show a break or change in thought in a sentence or act as parentheses in a sentence

1. set off parenthetical statements or an appositive with internal punctuation

2. show a break or change in tone or thought

ellipsis

show when words have been removed from a quotation.

• 3 dots normally

• 4 dots if at the end of the sentence and it is a complete sentence

brackets

1. placing parentheses inside of parentheses

2. adding clarification or detail to a quotation that is not part of the quotation

what is a noun and the two main ones

a person, place, thing, or idea

1. common nouns: are generic names for people, place, or thing. they are not usually capitalized

2. proper nouns; name a specific people, places, or things. all proper nouns are capitalized

3. General nouns are common nouns that name a person, place, thing, or idea in a general way, not a specific one.

4. specific nouns: name people, places, and things in a specific way, but not explicit

5. collective nouns: names a group of people, places, or things that may act as a whole. the article must confirm its singularity

pronouns

pronouns are words that are used to stand in for nouns. A pronoun may be classified as personal, intensive, relative, interrogative, demonstrative, indefinite, and reciprocal

What are the three types of personal pronouns

1. nominative is the case for nouns and pronouns that are the subject of the sentence

2. objective is the case for nouns and pronouns that are the object of the sentence

3. possessive is the case for none and pronouns that show possession or ownership

• they come in singular, plural, first, second, and third person

name the singular normative in first, second, and third person

1. first person is I

2. second person is you

3. third person is he, she, it

name the plural normative in first, second, and third person

1. first person, we

2. second person, you

3. third person, they

name the singular objective pronouns

1. first person, me

2. second person, you

3. third person, him, her, it

name the plural objective pronouns

1. first person; us

2. second person; you

3. third person; them

name the singular possessive pronoun

1. first person; mine, my

2. second person; your, yours

3. third person; his, hers, her, its

name the plural possessive pronouns

1. first person; ours, our

2. second person; your, yours

3. third person; their, theirs

what are the intensive pronouns adds emphasis to a noun or another pronoun.

I myself, you yourself, he himself, she herself, the (thing) itself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves

what are the relative pronouns

connect a dependent clause to a noun mentioned earlier

which, who, whom, whose

what are the interrogative pronouns

are pronouns used to ask questions.

what, which, who, whom, whose

demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things.

this, that, these, those

indefinite pronouns

refer to people or things without naming exactly which one

all, any, each, everyone, either/neither, one, some, several

reciprocal

show that two or more people do the same action to one another.

each other, one another

what are verbs and there types

a verb of a sentence indicates the action or state of being

1. transitive is a verb whose action indicates a receiver

2. intransitive verbs do not indicate a receiver of the action

3. action verbs shows what the subject is doing

4. linking verbs link the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun, or they link a subject with an adjective

voice

when the subject of the sentence is doing the action, the verb is in active voice

when the subject is acted upon, the verb is in passive voice

what are verb tenses and their kinds

verb tenses show the different form of a verb to point to the time of an action

1. present; the action happens at the current time

2. past; the action happened in the past

3. future; the action is going to happen later

4. present perfect; the action started in the past and continues into the present or took place previously at an unspecified time

5. past perfect; the second action happened in the past. the first action came beforehand

6. future perfect; shows that something will be completed before a certain time or before another future event.

Conjugating verbs means changing a verb’s form so it matches:

• tense

• person

• number

• sometimes mood or voice

past participle =

usually works with a helping verb

ex: have dreamed

conjugation verbs in singular first person

present: I dream

past: I dreamed

past participle: I have dreamed

conjugation verbs in plural first person

1. present: we dreamed

2. past; we dreamed

3. past participle: we have dreamed

conjugation verbs in singular second person

1. present: you dream

2. past: you dreamed

3. past participle: you have dreamed

conjugation verbs in plural second person

1. present; you dream

2. past; you dreamed

3. past participle; you have dreamed

conjugation of Verbs in singular third person

1. he, she, it dream

2. he she, it dreamed

3. past participle: he, she, it has dreamed

conjugation verbs in plural third person

present; they dream

past; they dreamed

past participle; They have dreamed

what is an adjective

a world that is used to modify a noun or pronoun

answers which one?, how many?, what kind?

they usually come before the word they modify, but can also come after a linking verb

Articles

adjectives that are used to distinguish nouns a definite or indefinite

who do articles determine if the noun is definite or indefinite

definite nouns are preceded by the article the and indicate a specific person, place, thing, or idea

indefinite nouns are preceded by the article a or an and do not indicate a specific person, place, thing, or idea

absolute vs relative adjectives

absolute: describe something that is usually seen as complete, final, or not gradual

relative: These describe qualities that can exist in different amounts.

what are the degrees of relative adjectives

positive degree: the normal form of an adjectives, just describes something

comparative degree: compares one person or thing to another person or thing

superlative degree: compares more then two people or things

what is an adverb

is a word used to modify a verb, adjectives, or another adverb.

it answers

• who

• when

• where

• and to what extent

they usually end in ly

degrees of comparing with an adverb

positive: standard degree form of an adverb

comparative; compares one person or thing to another person or thing

superlative; compares more then two people or things

preposition is a…

word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between an object and another word in the sentence

the earth rotates around the sun

conjunctions

join words, phrases, or clauses and they show the connection between the joined pieces

the correlative conjunctions are…

either or

neither or

not only but also

subordinating clauses joins

dependent clauses with an independent

subject vs complete subject

• subject is who or what the sentence is about

• complete subject includes the simple subject and all its modifiers

in a imperative sentence the subject is not listed but____

implied

what is a predicate

explains or describes the subject

subject-verb agreement

single subjects need single verbs, plural subjects need plural verbs and they must match the point of view

when its a single subject the verb ends in s in the present tense

If the subjects are different in number, the verb usually agrees with the closer subject.(or, nor)

joined by and are always plural

Indefinite pronouns and their verb agreements

• each, either, everybody, anybody, somebody, and nobody are always singular

• both, several, many are always plural

• some, any, all, more, most can be either singular or plural depending on the context

other cases involving plural or irregular form

• some nouns are singular in meaning but plural in form like: news, mathematics, physics, and economics(use singular)

• some nouns are plural in form and meaning and have no singular equivalent like: scissors, pants( use plural)

• mathematical equations are singular in meaning(use singular)

a complement is a…

noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used to give more information about the subject or verb in the sentence

direct object vs indirect object

direct object is a noun or pronoun that takes or receives the action of a verb

• find the verb and ask who or what

an indirect tells to whom, for whom, to what, or for what something is done.

• it usually comes after the verb and before the direct object.

predicate nominatives vs predicate adjectives

• predicate nominative is the noun or pronoun that the linking verb links to

• predicate adjectives is the adjective that the linking verbs link to

antecedent is the…..

noun that will be replaced by a pronoun

pronouns can be the ____ case, ____ case, ____ case

• subjective

• objective

• possessive

adjective clause(dependent clause)

1. An adjective clause is a dependent clause that works like an adjective.

   That means it describes a noun or pronoun.

It usually begins with a relative pronoun such as:

• who

• whom

• whose

• which

• that

Sometimes it can begin with a relative adverb like:

• where

• when

an adjective clause can be either ______, meaning its important because it explains or defines a person or thing, or an ______ which gives extra information about a person or thing that is not necessary

essential or nonessential

adverb clause(dependent clause)

An adverb clause is a dependent clause that works like an adverb.

noun clauses(dependent clause)

is a dependent clause that acts like a noun.

explain subordination

when two ideas are related but not of equal importance, the idea of more importance will be the independent clause and the lesser value idea would be dependent clause

A phrase

is a group of words that works together but does not have both a subject and a verb.

A prepositional phrase

begins with a preposition and ends with its object