Apologia Biology Modules 9-16 (Final Exam)

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100 Terms

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The Immutability of Species

The idea that each individual species on the planet was specially created by God and could never fundamentally change

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Microevolution

The theory that natural selection can, over time, take an organism and transform an organism into a more specialized species of the organism

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Macroevolution

The hypothesis that processes similar to those at work in microevolution can, over eons of time, transform an organism into a completely different kind of organism

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Strata

Distinct layers of rock

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Fossils

Preserved remains of once-living organisms

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Paleontology

The study of fossils

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Structural Homology

The study of similar structures in different species

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Ecology

The study of the interactions between living and nonliving things

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Population

A group of interbreeding organisms coexisting together

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Community

A group of populations living and interacting in the same area

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Ecosystem

An association of living organisms and physical environment

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Biome

A group of ecosystems classified by climate and plant life

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Primary Consumer

An organism that eats producers

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Secondary Consumer

An organism that eats primary consumers

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Tertiary Consumer

An organism that eats secondary consumers

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Ecological Pyramid

A diagram that shows the biomass of organisms at each trophic level

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Biomass

A measure of the total dry mass of organisms within a particular region

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Transpiration

Evaporation of water from the leaves of plant

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Watershed

An ecosystem where all water runoff drains into a single body of water

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Greenhouse Effect

The process by which certain gases (primarily water vapor, methane and carbon dioxide) trap heat that would otherwise escape and radiate into space

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Invertebrates

Animals that lack a backbone

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Vertebrates

Animals that possess a backbone

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Spherical Symmetry

An organism possesses __________ symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any cut that runs through the organism's center

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Radial Symmetry

An organism possesses __________ symmetry if it can be cut into two identical halves by any longitudinal cut through its center

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Bilateral Symmetry

An organism possesses __________ symmetry if it can only be cut into two identical halves by a single longitudinal cut along its center which divides it into right and left halves

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Epidermis

An outer layer of cells designed to provide protection

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Mesenchyme

The jellylike substance that separates the epidermis from the inner cells in a sponge

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Collar cells

Flagellated cells that push water through a sponge

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Amoebocytes

Cells that move using pseudopods and preform different functions in different animals

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Gemmule

A cluster of cells encased in a hard, spicule-reinforced shell

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Polyp

The sessile, tubular form of a cnidarian with a mouth and tentacles at one end and a basal disk at the other

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Medusa

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

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Epithelium

Animal tissue consisting of one or more layers of cells that have only one free surface, because the other surface adheres to a membrane or other substance

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Mesoglea

The jellylike substance that separates the epithelial cells in a cnidarian

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Nematocysts

Small capsules that contain a toxin which is injected into prey or predators.

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Testes

Organs that produce sperm

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Ovaries

Organs that produce eggs

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Anterior End

The end of an animal that contains its head

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Posterior End

The end of an animal that contains its tail

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Circulatory System

A system designed to transport food and other necessary substances throughout a creature's body

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Nervous System

A system of sensitive cells that respond to stimuli such as sound, touch and taste

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Ganglia

Masses of nerve cell bodies

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Hermaphroditic

Possessing both the male and female reproductive organs

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Regeneration

The ability to regrow a missing part of the body

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Mantle

A sheath of tissue that encloses the vital organs of a mollusk, makes the mollusk's shell and preforms respiration

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Shell

A tough, multilayered structure secreted by the mantle, generally used for protection but sometimes for body support

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Visceral Hump

A hump that contains a mollusk's heart, digestive and excretory organs.

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Foot

A muscular organ that is used for locomotion and takes a variety of forms depending on the animal

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Radula

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

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Univalve

An organism with a single shell

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Bivalve

An organism with two shells

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Exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

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Molt

To shed an old outer covering so that it can be replaced with a new one

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Thorax

The body region between the head and the abdomen

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Abdomen

The body region posterior to the thorax

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Cephalothorax

A body region composed of the head and thorax fused together

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Compound Eye

An eye made of many lenses, each with a very limited scope

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Simple Eye

An eye with only one lens

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Open Circulatory System

A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

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Statocyst

The organ of balance in a crustacean

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Gonad

A general term for the organ that produces gametes

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Complete Metamorphosis

Insect development consisting of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult

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Incomplete Metamorphosis

Insect development consisting of three stages: egg, nymph, and adult

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Vertebrae

Segments of bone or some other hard substance that are arranged into a backbone

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Notochord

A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support

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Endoskeleton

A skeleton on the inside of a creature's body, typically composed of bone or cartilage

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Bone Marrow

A soft tissue inside the bone that produces blood cells

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Axial Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that supports and protects the head, neck, and trunk

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Appendicular Skeleton

The portion of the skeleton that attaches to the axial skeleton and has the limbs attached to it

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Closed Circulatory System

A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels

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Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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Capillaries

Tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases and nutrients between the blood and the cells of the body

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Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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Olfactory Lobes

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the nose

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Cerebrum

The lobes of the brain that integrate sensory information and coordinate the creature's response to that information

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Optic Lobes

The lobes of the brain that receive signals from the receptors in the eyes

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Cerebellum

The lobe that controls involuntary actions and refines muscle movement

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Medulla Oblongata

The lobes that coordinate vital functions, such as those of the circulatory and respiratory systems, and transport signals from the brain to the spinal cord

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Internal Fertilization

The process by which the male places sperm inside the female's body, where the eggs are fertilized

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External Fertilization

The process by which the female lays eggs and the male fertilizes them once they are outside of the female

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Oviparous Development

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched outside the female's body

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Ovoviviparous Development

Development that occurs in an egg that is hatched inside the female's body

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Viviparous Development

Development that occurs inside the female, allowing the offspring to gain nutrients and vital substances from the mother through a placenta

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Anadromous

A life cycle in which creatures are hatched in fresh water, migrate to salt water as adults, and then go back to fresh water in order to reproduce

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Bile

A mixture of salts and phospholipids that aids in the breakdown of fat

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Atrium

A heart chamber that receives blood

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Ventricle

A heart chamber from which blood is pumped out

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Ectothermic

Lacking an internal mechanism for regulating body heat

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Hibernation

A state of extremely low metabolism and respiration, accompanied by lower-than-normal body temperatures

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Botany

The study of plants

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Perennial Plants

Plants that grow year after year

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Annual Plants

Plants that live for only one year

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Biennial Plants

Plants that live for 2 years

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Vegetative Organs

The parts of the plant that are not involved in reproduction

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Reproduction Plant Organs

The parts of a plant involved in reproduction

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Undifferentiated Cells

Cells that have not specialized in any particular function

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Xylem

Nonliving vascular tissues that carries water and dissolves minerals from the roots of a plant to it's leaves

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Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

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Leaf Mosaic

The arrangement of leaves on the stem of a plant

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Leaf Margin

The characteristics of the leaf edge