Chapter 18: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reactions
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45 Terms
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Radioactive isotopes
________ can be located by detecting the radiation they emit.
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unstable nucleus decays
When a(n) ________, particles and energy called nuclear radiation are emitted from it.
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Radiation
________ can be used to stop some types of cancerous cells from growing.
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Cloud Chamber
________: used to detect alpha or beta particle radiation.
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nuclear fusion
For ________ to occur, positively charged nuclei must get close to each other.
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Electrons
________ that are stripped off gas molecules in a Geiger counter move to a positively charged wire in the device.
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Tracer
________: When a radioisotope is used to find or keep track of molecules in an organism.
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Gamma rays
________ cause less damage to biological molecules as they pass through living tissue.
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Alpha Particle
________: made of two protons and two neutron.
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Radioactive dating
________ also can be used to estimate the ages of rocks.
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Radioactivity
________: The process of nuclear decay.
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Transmutation
________: the process of changing one element to another through nuclear decay.
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Geiger Counter
________: a device that measures the amount of radiation by producing an electric current when it detects a charged particle.
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nucleus
The ________ left after the isotope decays is called the daughter ________.
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Critical Mass
________: the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction.
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Half Life
________: the amount of time it takes for half the nuclei in a sample of the isotope to decay.
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Nuclear Fission
________: The process of splitting a nucleus into several smaller nuclei.
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Gamma radiation
________ is an electromagnetic wave.
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Beta particles
________ are much faster and more penetrating than alpha particles.
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Large nuclei
________ tend to be unstable and can break apart or decay.
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ratio of neutrons
The ________ to protons is related to the stability of the nucleus.
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Nuclear radiation
________ moving through the air can remove electrons from some molecules in air.
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alpha decay
In ________, two protons and two neutrons are lost from the nucleus.
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Alpha particles
________ lose energy more quickly when they interact with matter than the other types of nuclear radiation do.
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radioactive isotopes
Traces of naturally occurring ________ are found in the food, water, and air consumed by all animals and plants.
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Nuclear Fusion
________: the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction.
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Gamma Rays
________: electromagnetic waves with the highest frequencies and the shortest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.
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alpha particles
When ________ pass through matter, they exert an electric force on the electrons in atoms in their path.
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Background Radiation
________ is low- level radiation emitted mainly by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes found in Earths rocks, soils, and atmosphere.
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radioactive isotope
The ________ carbon- 14 often is used to estimate the ages of plant and animal remains.
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alpha particle
A(n) ________ is the same as the nucleus of a helium atom and has a charge of +2 and an atomic mass of 4.
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Alpha particles
________ can be stopped by a sheet of paper.
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alpha particle
When an atom emits a(n) ________, it has two fewer protons, so it is a different element.
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Alpha particles
________ can be dangerous if they are released by radioactive atoms inside the human body.
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The Strong Force
causes protons and neutrons to be attracted to each other
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Radioactivity
The process of nuclear decay
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Alpha Particle
made of two protons and two neutron
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Transmutation
the process of changing one element to another through nuclear decay
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Beta Particle
electron emitted from the nucleus in a neutron decay
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Cloud Chamber
used to detect alpha or beta particle radiation
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Bubble Chamber
holds a superheated liquid, which doesnt boil because the pressure in the chamber is high
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Nuclear Fission
The process of splitting a nucleus into several smaller nuclei
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Chain Reaction
The series of repeated fission reactions caused by the release of neutrons in each reaction
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Critical Mass
the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction
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Nuclear Fusion
the amount of material required so that each fission reaction produces approximately one more fission reaction