UNIT 1-5 ITE

Information and Communications Technology

Technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications.

Information Technology

It refers to anything related to computing technology

Data

A collection of independent and unorganized facts.

Information

The processed and organized data presented in a meaningful form

Data Processing

The course of doing things in a sequence of steps

Computer

An electronic machine that follows a set of instructions in order that it may be able to accept and gather data and transform these into information.

Input

Accepts and gathers data

Processing

Processes data to become information

Store

Stores data and information

Output

Presents information

input, processing, store, output

Functions of Information Processing System

Data, Information, Data Processing

Information Processing System

Hardware, Software, User

3 Major Components of Information Processing System

Hardware

Tangible part of a computer system

Software

Non-tangible part that tells the computer how to do its job

User

People who use and operate the computer system, write computer programs, and analyze and design the information system

Speed

The duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or completing an activity

Accuracy

The level of precision with which calculations are made and tasks are performed

Reliability

To which the user can stay dependable on the computer

Adaptability

To complete a different type of tasks: simple as well as complex

Storage

The ability of the computer to store data in itself for accessing it again in future

Lack of Common Sense

No matter how efficient, fast and reliable computer systems might be but yet do not have any common sense because no full-proof algorithm has been designed to programmed logic into them.

Zero IQ

They are unable to see and think the actions to perform in a particular situation unless that situation is already programmed into them.

Lack of Decision-making

The computer system does not have the ability to make decisions on their own because they do not possess all the essentials of decision-making.

Speed, Accuracy, Reliability, Adaptability, Storage

Capabilities of Computer System

Datapath

Collection of functional units such as arithmetic logic units or multipliers that perform data processing operations, registers, and buses.

Datapath

It manipulates the data coming through the processor. It also provides a small amount of temporary data storage.

Programmable registers

Small units of data storage that are directly visible to assembly language programmers. They can be used like simple variables in a high-level program.

Program Counter (PC)

Holds the memory address of the instruction for each cycle

Multiplexers

Have control inputs coming from control

and used for routing data through the datapath

Processing elements

Compute new data values from old data values. In simple processors the major processing elements are grouped into an Arithmetic-Logic Unit (ALU).

Special-purpose registers

Hold data that is needed for processor operation but is not directly visible to assembly language programmers

Control

Generates control signals that direct the operation of memory and the data path

Computer memory

Storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored.

Memory

It is used to store data and instructions.

Volatile memory (RAM)

Loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power

Non-volatile memory

Memory that can retain the stored data even when not powered

Input Devices

External devices such as keyboards, mice, disks, and networks that provide input to the processor.

Output Devices

External devices such as displays, printers, disks, and networks that receive data from the processor.

Digital Age

Historic period in the 21st century characterized by the rapid shift from traditional industry that the Industrial Revolution brought through industrialization, to an economy based on information technology.

1946 Eniac Era

The first programmable general purpose electronic digital computer, built during World War II by the United States and completed in 1946

Home computers

Affordable and accessible computers intended for the use of a single nontechnical user

1990's The internet era

An electronic communications network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world

2000's Wireless Computing

Transferring the data or information between computers or devices that are not physically connected to each other and having a "wireless network connection".

Data science

Field of study that combines domain expertise, programming skills, and knowledge of mathematics and statistics to extract meaningful insights from data.

Hyper-Automation

Refers to the used of advance technologies, like, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and robotic process automation, to automate tasks that were once completed by humans.

Hyper-Automation

A key factor in the digital transformation as it eliminates human involvement in low-value processes and provides data that offers a level of business intelligence

Robotic Process Automation

Leverages technology like software bots to replicate repetitive human tasks

Robotic Process Automation

Typically works for tasks that are rule-based, have defined inputs and outputs, are repeatable, and occur often

Business Process Management

Foundation on which any successful automation strategy is built, monitored, and improved

Artificial Intelligence

Method of making computers operate in ways that simulate human intelligence and to carry out specific tasks without being explicitly programmed to do so

Machine Learning

the study of computer algorithms that allow computer programs/systems to automatically improve through experience

Machine Learning

Uses algorithms to teach computers to perform complex tasks by themselves without the need for additional programming by human beings.

Advanced Analytics

Access and analyze data that has traditionally been inaccessible

Flexibility

Since hyper-automation relies on a multitude of automation technologies, organizations can move past the limited benefits of a single digital technology. This helps organizations to achieve scale and flexibility in operations.

Improved Employee Productivity

By automating time consuming tasks, employees are able to get more done with less resources and serve more valuable roles in organizations.

Integration

Organizations can integrate digital technologies across their processes and legacy systems. Stakeholders have better access to data and can communicate seamlessly throughout the organization.

Improved ROI

Hyper-automation boosts revenue and reduces costs. With powerful analytical tools and capabilities, organizations can optimize the deployment of their resources

Multi-experience

Developing fluent customer experiences across websites, apps, and modalities of voice, touch, and text, irrespective of the channel

Improved Operational Efficiency

It becomes easier than ever to streamline business processes with every process being present in one system. It also enables enterprises to create efficient, faster, and valuable digital experiences.

Minimize the Time to Market Apps

Enabling multi-experience will help brands significantly improve development time by as much as 10 times. All credit to reusable code and streamlined design processes.

Enable Controlled Deployment

A single cloud-based deployment that takes a few weeks, can now be sent directly to cloud-based server providers. Giving better control and fast-tracked deployment.

Remove Security Risk

Enabling multi-experience can help enterprises get a 360 view of their software landscape with all the applications feeding to a single platform. Thus, eliminating all the potential security risks like Shadow IT.

Democratization

Providing people with easy access to technical or business expertise without extensive (and costly) training.

Democratization

It is the process by which technology is made more accessible to everyone.

Human Augmentation

The term for technologies that improve human capabilities. They primarily work to elevate human performance, health or quality of life.

Physical Augmentation

Changes an inherent physical capability by implanting or hosting a technology within or on the body

Cognitive Augmentation

Enhances a human's ability to think and make better decisions

Data Policing

Using data to determine community "hot spots," where both criminal activity and traffic incidents occur, police are deploying high-visibility traffic enforcement officers to targeted areas.

Data Policing

Data driven technologies serve a similar function by collecting crime and other data, analyzing this data to determine crime trends, and using knowledge of these trends to make predictions about future crimes.

Machine Learning

Science of getting computers to act without being explicitly programmed

Supervised Learning

Algorithms are trained using labeled examples. Commonly used in applications where historical data predicts likely future events

Unsupervised Learning

Used against data that has no historical labels. The algorithm must figure out what is being shown.

Semi-supervised Learning

Use both labeled and unlabeled data for training. The systems that use this method are able to considerably improve learning accuracy.

Reinforcement Learning

This method allows machines and software agents to automatically determine the ideal behavior within a specific context in order to maximize its performance.

Robotic Process

Use of software with artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning capabilities to handle high-volume, repeatable tasks that previously required humans to perform.

Block Chain

Data you can only add to, not take away from or change.

Block Chain

Shared, immutable ledger that facilitates the process of recording transactions and tracking assets in a business network.

Consensus

For a transaction to be valid, all participants must agree on its validity.

Provenance

Participants know where the asset came from and how its ownership has changed over time.

Immutability

No participant can tamper with a transaction after it has been recorded to the ledger.

Finality

A single, shared ledger provides one place to go to determine the ownership of an asset or the completion of a transaction.

Tighter Security

Blockchain's security features protect against tampering, fraud, and cybercrime.

Enhanced Privacy

Through the use of IDs and permissions, users can specify which transaction details they want other participants to be permitted to view.

Improved Auditability

Having a shared ledger that serves as a single source of truth improves the ability to monitor and audit transactions.

Increased Operational Efficiency

Pure digitization of assets streamlines transfer of ownership. Transactions can be conducted at a speed more in line with the pace of doing business.

Voice Search

Utilizes voice command to accomplish an online search by saying terms verbally as an

Analytics

Refers to the process of examining datasets to draw conclusions about the information they contain.

Data analytic techniques

enable you to take raw data and uncover patterns to extract valuable insights from it.

Descriptive Analytics

Describes what has happened over a given period of time

Diagnostic Analytics

Procedures that explore the current data to determine why something has happened the way it has, typically comparing the data to a benchmark

Predictive Analytics

Moves to what is likely going to happen in the near term

Prescriptive Analytics

Techniques that create models indicating the best decision to make or course of action to take. suggests a course of action.

Advanced Analytics

offers organizations powerful analytical tools and capabilities

Robotic Process Automation, Business Process Management, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Advanced Analytics

Key Components of Hyper-Automation

AI PaaS

provides access to sophisticated AI tools to leverage custom-developed applications.

Robotic Process

Application of technology, governed by business logic and structured inputs, aimed at automating business processes

flipped classroom

model where students watch lectures at home on the computer and use classroom time for more interactive exercises.

E-commerce

any form of business transaction conducted online.

Communication

It is a giving, receiving, or exchanging of ideas, information, signals, or messages through appropriate media, enabling individuals or groups to persuade, to seek information, to give information, or to express emotions. This broad definition includes body language, skills of speaking, and writing.