Honors Cultural Notes-HISTORY

Woodrow Wilson

- president of the U.S

-came up with the idea of 14 points to try and maintain peace amongst the countries.

Fourteen Points

(made during treaty of Versailles, DID NOT WORK bc he couldn’)

• An outlined plan for achieving a just and lasting peace.

-4 = an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, and reduced national armies and navies.

-5 =  adjust colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples.

-6=Specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations.

-14= a general “association of nations” that would protect “great and small states alike”.

Vladimir Lenin

 Communist leader of Russia

• he wrote a truce to Germany. Germany signed the treaty of Brest-Litovsk to officially end the war with Germany.

Georges Clemenceau

Former president of the Council of Ministers of France.

Vittorio Orlando

Italy’s prime minister and statesman

• represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference.

David Lloyd George

 He was the prime minister of Great Britain.

• Attended the Paris Peace Conference

Adolf Hitler

-he was a German politician

-he was in charge of the nazi

-He disguised schools as warehouses to make powerful battle equipment. He wanted Germany to be more powerful than any other country.

Militarism

The policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war.

Alliances

A relationship amongst groups/states that joined for mutual benefit or to achieve a certain goal.

THE TWO ALLIANCES

(allied powers)Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia(1917) (U.S(1917), Italy(1915), Japan)

(central powers)Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy.

 (Italy secretly negotiated with the Allied Powers and ultimately entered the war in 1915 on the side of the Allies in hopes of promised land!)

Imperialism

Creating large empires by conquering other countries.

Ex: Germany

Nationalism

A deep devotion to one's nation.

Trench Warfare

Soldiers fought each other from trenches dug in the ground. The trenches had no food, no place to sleep, and a lot of rats. The Western Front became known as “a terrain of death.”

Treaty of Versailles

A compromise was signed between Germany and the allied nations. (June 28th 1919)

The Germans had to give land to nations such as France, reduce the size of their military, pay for the war, and accept overall guilt about the war. After this, Germany entered the Deep Depression.

Self-determination

Allowed people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live.

League of Nations

An international association aiming to keep peace among nations.

Casualties

 8.5 million died from the war and 21 million were injured.

Schlieffen Plan

(named after General Alfred Graf von Schilieffen)

The German battle strategy; The plan called for attacking and defeating France in the west, then rushing to the east to fight Russia.

Total War

Countries that devoted all their resources to the war effort.

Ultimatum

a final, uncompromising demand or set of terms issued by a party to a dispute, the rejection of which may lead to a severance of relations or to the use of force.

Propaganda

*German propaganda focused on German culture because they thought that Germany was superior to everyone else.

•  One-sided information designed to persuade, keep up morale, and support for the war.

Propoganda 1: BANDWAGON

Convincing a reader to do something because everyone else is doing it

Propoganda 2: INCLUSION

Mentioning only facts that will help to persuade people to your opinion

Propoganda 3:Loaded language

Language that appeals to emotions rather than reason

Propoganda 4:Slogan

Short, simple, emotive phrases that are easy to remember

Propoganda 5: Stereotyping

Giving a person or an idea a bad label by using an easy to remember pejorative name.

Propoganda 6: Virtue Words

dupe us into accepting and approving of things without examining the evidence carefully.  

Ex:"Democratic"

Propganda 7:Appeal to positive emotions

deployed in order to develop bonding between the audience and a brand, individual, or political party.

Propganda 8:Appeal to negative emotions

Opposite of 7, negative emotions

Propganda 9:Villianizing

Criticize and attack opponents.

Propganda 10:TESTIMONIAL

When some respected celebrity (or alternatively someone generally hated) claims that an idea or product is good (or bad). 

technique is used to convince us without examining the facts more carefully.

Propganda 11:APPEAL TO AUTHORITY

Important,powerful, or respected people supporting a candidate, idea, or product

Propganda 12:TRANSFER

a symbol that carries respect, authority, sanction, and prestige is used along with an idea or argument to make it look more acceptable.  

Propoganda Technique 13: LOGICAL FALLICIES

Drawing an incorrect conclusion from a series of premises

Propoganda Technique 14:Euphemisms

Inoffensive, evasive term for a harsh reality

Propoganda Technique 15:BLACK AND WHITE

Presents an issue as having only two choices.  If you don’t like one choice, you must choose the other

Propoganda Technique 16: PLAIN FOLKS

 an idea is good because they are the same ideas of the vast majority of people like yourself.  

Propaganda Technique 17: PATRIOTISM/ NATIONALISM

The argument attempts to persuade by calling on one's community spirit, specifically on one's love of country. Alternatively, the argument may attempt to refute a position by calling it treasonous or unpatriotic.

Paris Peace Conference

The Paris Peace Conference was a combination of many meetings that the allied powers held(allied powers negotiated the meeting). The goal was to get peace with the other central powers after WWI. ( Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, already signed something with germany).

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( heir of Austria-Hungary) was done by a Bosnian Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip. He was apart of the Black Hand, a private Serbian group. That started WW1. The assassination didn’t work as planned the first time, so Garvilo made a second attempt. Because of this Austria-Hungary gained the German's support, and Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to Serbia. Serbia wanted to dissolve disputes, but Austria-Hungary declared war.

Russian Revolution

• The Russian Revolution was more of a social revolution led by the Bolsheviks ( Vladimir Lenin was in charge of them, they were communists). It was during WWI.  They chanted “peace, land, and bread” because their soldiers were weary and weak after the war. The revolution plunged Russia into a brutal civil war, but the Bolsheviks ultimately emerged victorious, forever changing the course of Russian and global history.

The “who did it?” political cartoon

• All the European countries blamed those they thought corrupted the peace in Europe. Some of the countries were smaller because they weren't as big. Italy’s hands were crossed because they were neutral at the time.  

• Why it matters:The different European countries blamed who they thought started the war, which led to deadly conflict.

“Average Men and Women Were Delighted at the Prospect of War”, Bertrand Russell

• Bertrand Russell was against war, and the first person to advertise against it. He was a pacifist.

• Why it matters:Men went from loving each other, to hating each other. Nobody was civil anymore.

The Treaty of Versailles

• When the Allied Powers won the World War, the Treaty of Versailles was made and it put a lot of pressure on Germany because they had to pay a lot of money for the damage, And Germany was forced to surrender many other colonies.

• Why it matters:Germany went into a Great Depression. Many historians also believe that the Treaty of Versailles sparked World War II. 

A Memorandum written by Brockdorff-Rantzau

• Main idea(s)- Brockdorff-Rantzau was Germany's Federal Minister for Foreign Affairs. He wrote a Memorandum (letter) about how badly the Treaty of Versailles would impact Germany. How people would be starving, and how most of their land will be gone.

• Why it matters- This matters because the Treaty of Versailles was created specifically to punish Germany.

1. Which of the M.A.I.N causes of World War I was the most influential and why? Specify at least 2 reasons. 

LINK TO SLIDESHOW:https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1vyDuFAgOKprqv3nTBGRUMIHwK1LHhnY4xSF5PUVjUpc/edit#slide=id.gc650916af2_1_0

1.Out of the M.A.I.N causes of World War I, Imperialism was the most influential because since Germany wanted to take control all over the world, the soldiers started invading the Allied power's land. The Germans used tactics such as the Schifilen plan on France, and then quickly went to attack Russia. As Germany invaded more land, those countries got mad which made them want to fight the Germans. 

2.In addition, Imperialism was the most influential cause of WWI  because Great Britain also had a desire to have control over land. They wanted control over India because they believed that they had the right to have control over India. Many other allied countries such as Italy wanted control over parts of land or all of the land. This could lead to conflicts between countries because of disagreements about distribution.