Abnormal Psychology Final

Abnormal Behavior

culturally inappropriate; accompanied by significant distress; psychological impairment

Anthropologists judge a behavior abnormal based on:

his/her own values and traditions of culture

Cultural Relativity

the perspective that different cultures may use different standards in defining abnormality

Who eats white clay?

most often African American women in the American south

Subjective Distress

emotional or internal experience that is distress to the individual but can't be directly observed by others

Psychological Disability

inability to cope with life's daily demands and stressed; difficulty in functioning in social and interpersonal roles

DSM

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual; published by the American Psychiatric Association; current edition is the DSM-5-TR

Syndrome

patterns of symptoms that tend to occur together in a particular disease or condition

Freud's view on abnormal behavior:

psychoanalytical; thought all had to do with sex and death

Behavioral explanations of abnormal behavior:

Watson: behavioral- scientific path for psychologists
Skinner: operant/classical conditioning - reinforcement used in phobias and depression

Demonology

the belief that possession by demons or spirits explain abnormal behavior

Hippocrates

first to advocate for a naturalistic approach; imbalance of "body humors"

Four Humors

1) yellow bile
2) black bile
3) blood
4) phlegm

Dance Mania

Episodes of apparent mass madness in which groups of people danced in the streets; St. Vitus's Dance; known as Chorea Van Syndenham

Asylums

first institutions devoted to the care of the mentally ill were in monasteries; began as a safe haven for humane care, but devolved into overcrowded, noisy places

Malingering

the intentional production of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms motivated by EXTERNAL incentives; (trying to avoid certain things so fake illness)

Ganser Syndrome

giving approximate answers(nonsensical or wrong); clouding of consciousness; somatic conversion; hallucinations

7 Symptoms of Malingering

1) rare symptoms
2) improbable/impossible symptoms
3) symptom combinations
4) symptom severity
5) indiscriminate symptom endorsement
6) obvious v subtle symptoms
7) reported v observed symptoms

Factitious Disorder

voluntary production of symptoms to assume the patient role; no other obvious secondary gain

Fictitious Disorder by Proxy

when someone falsely claims that another person has physical or psychological signs or symptoms of illness, or causes injury or disease in another person with the intention of deceiving others

Anxiety in Genders

more common in females than males - 2:1 ratio; females report more often however

Prevalence Rate of Panic Disorder

5%

Panic Disorder Symptoms

recurrent and spontaneous panic attacks, significant changes in behavior;

Age Onset of Panic Disorder

between adolescence and mid-30s

Panic Disorder Causal Factors

can run in families - first degree relatives up to 8x more likely
possible biological causes w/ over sensitivity in the brain's fear response

Agoraphobia

"fear of the market place"; anxiety about being in places or situations from which escape would be difficult, embarrassing, or impossible; most often comorbid with panic disorder

Specific Phobias

intense, persistent fear triggered by specific objects or situations; 12% lifetime prevalence rate

Classical and Operant Conditioning in Specific Phobias

CLASSICAL conditioning - results from when an object of situation is paired with a traumatic event or a strong sensation of fear
OPERANT conditioning - results when future exposure to the phobic stimulus produces avoidant behavior, which is then reinforced by the reduction in fear that it produces

Two Factor Theory

theory that pavlovian conditioning established the phobia while operant contingencies maintain phobic behavior

Systematic Desensitization

Teaching the patient to maintain a relaxed state while increasingly fear-provoking stimuli are gradually presented; used in treatment for specific phobias

Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

symptoms are connected to situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people or to the scrutiny of others; fears acting in a way that might prove embarrassing or humiliating

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

characterized by a nearly constant state of worry; apprehension about a wide variety of events or activities on most days over a 6-month period; always seem on edge and worry about minor events as often as major ones

OCD Symptoms

occupies a significant amount of time and interfere in with normal social, occupational, or academic activities; unwanted distress, obsession, and thoughts- sometime aggressive or sexual in nature; may alternate with thoughts or actions that counteract or inhibit them

OCD Causal Factors

moderate genetic link, higher levels of activity in the orbital, frontal area of the brain (orbitofrontal cortex), increased risk in kids who have been exposed to trauma

Hoarding

collecting items that the individual is later unable to discard; they have persistent difficulty in parting with personal possessions regardless of the actual value of those possessions

Trichotillomania

pulling out hair, enough to show noticeable hair loss as a result; includes increasing tension that precedes the act; is associated with pleasure, gratification, or relief

Anorexia Nervosa Symptoms

loss of menstruation, intolerance to cold, loss of strength, abdominal pain, constipation, heart irregularities; psychologically - individual is motivated in that they cannot be fat - generally tied with concern about weight and body shape and fear of gaining weight

3 Main Features of Anorexia Nervosa

1) restricted caloric intake insufficient to maintain normal body weight
2) intense fear of gaining weight
3) a disturbance in the perception of body size

2 AN Eating Subtypes

restricting and binge eating/purging

Purging Behavior Consequences

loss of tooth enamel, osteoporosis, anemia, electrolyte imbalances, and dehydration

DSM Mortality Rate of Anorexia

5% per decade

Bulimia Nervosa Symptoms

includes a sense of lack of control related to recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food, often in secret. 1k-3k calories consumed at once

Binge Eating

involves amounts of food larger than others would normally eat in a given time

Motivational Difference Between AN and BN

anorexia is to maintain control, while bulimia is the loss of control

MDD Minimum Duration

at least 2 weeks

MDD Symptoms

1) men experience sexual dysfunction
2) loss of interest or pleasure in activities that used to be enjoyable
3) appetite is affected - most often reduced but some will increase
4) weight may change in accordance with the alteration of eating patterns
5) sleep is usually disturbed, either insomnia or waking early and cannot return to sleep
6) may experience psychotic symptoms, only happens when they're majorly depressed

Manic Episode

a distinct period (of at least a week) of expansive, elevated, or irritable mood

Persistent Depressive Disorder

nearly a continuous state of depressed mood that lasts 2 years without much respite; 0.5% 12month prevalence rate

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

a childhood condition of extreme irritability, anger, and frequent, intense temper outbursts

Bipolar I and Bipolar II

bipolar I - major depression followed by manic episodes
bipolar II - major depression followed by hypo-manic episodes

Manic Episodes Symptoms

grandiose or inflated self-esteem, little need for sleep, pressures speech, flight of ideas, and distractibility

Hypo-Manic Symptoms

doesn't last as long as mania, not as many symptoms and not as severe

Cyclothymia

Cyclothymia causes emotional ups and downs, but they're not as extreme as those in bipolar I or II disorder.

SSRI's

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most commonly prescribed antidepressants.

Ketamine

Ketamine is used by medical practitioners and veterinarians as an anesthetic. It’s sometimes used illegally by people to get high.

Stimulants

meth, marijuana, LSD, bath salts

Depressants

alcohol

Gender and Suicide Attempts v Completion

women experience depression 2x as much as men, and attempt 3x as often, men complete 4x as often

Suicide and LGBT Youth

3.5x more likely than heterosexual peers

Emotional Characteristics of People at Risk of Suicide

person is ambivalent, unaware of the consequences of their death, thoughts of reincarnation, irrationality affects how trapped and helpless the person feels, often dealing with another psychiatric disorder

Sexual Dysfunction Disorders

associated with disturbances of the sexual response cycle or with painful intercourse

Gender Dysphoria

Both
(a) strong and persistent cross-gender identification and
(b) persistent discomfort with ones assigned sex or with the gender role associated with it occur. As a result, the person experiences clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning.

Masters and Johnsons Stages of Sexual Response Cycle

excitement phase: sexually stimulating and arousing
plateau phase: sexual arousal maintained
orgasmic phase: maximum intensity
resolution phase: return to unstimulated state

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Symptoms

the person typically does not seek or initiate sexual interaction but may participate reluctantly after partner initiation; 1/3 of US women experience this, 20% of females report arousal problems

Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

a condition of recurrent deficiency in or abscence of sexual desire and erotic thoughts or fantasies, persisting at least 6 months and causing significant distress; participates minimally in response to another's intiation

Symptoms of Erectile Disorder

persistent or recurrent difficulty in attaining an adequate erection for sexual activity or in maintaining the erection until the activity is completed

Causal Factors of Erectile Disorder

medical conditions, mental factors, medications

Prevalence Rate of Premature Ejaculation Disorder

30% of men experience this?

Female Orgasmic Disorder

he condition in which a woman either does not experience an orgasm or has a reduced intensity of the sensation of the orgasm.

Genito-pelvic/ Penetration Disorder

conditions associated with dyspareunia or vaginismus or the fear or anxiety associated with these condition

Paraphilias

intense interest or preference for non-normative targets of sexual arousal

Exhibitionistic Disorder Prevalence

2-4% prevalence

Fetishistic Disorder

sexual interest becomes focused on non-linking objects such as fur underwear, leather, high-heeled shoes, or stockings; anything can be fetishized

Partialism

sexual interest with a focus on a specific part of the body

Necrophilia

sexual attraction to a corpse

Frotteuristic Disorder

intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person

Pedophilia

sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children

Ephebophilia

sexual attraction to post-pubescent teenagers

Pedophilia Prevalence Rate

3-5% prevalence rate

Sexual Masochism Disorder

acts in which a person experiences sexual excitement from being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise abused.

Sexual Sadism Disorder

taking sexual pleasure from humiliation, fear, or another form of mental harm to a person.

Transvestitism

recurrent, intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors that involve cross dressing

Voyeuristic Disorder

characterized by sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked or engaging in sexual activity.

Personality

the stable and enduring pattern of relating to oneself and to the world

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Distrustful and suspicious and expect others to take advantages of them in nearly all circumstances

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Show pervasive detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression with others; very indifferent to anything, won’t show emotion or easily drawn to emotion

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Pervasive pattern of social inhibition; feelings of inadequacy and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation; views self as socially inept, personally unappealing, or inferior to others; usually reluctant to take risks