APUSH Period 7 part 1

Industrial Capitalism

An economic system where private businesses produce goods for profit using industrial production.

Frontier Closed (1890)

The declaration that there was no longer a clear western frontier line in the U.S., marking the end of large-scale continental expansion.

Labor Unrest

Conflict between workers and employers, often involving strikes and protests over wages and conditions.

Industrialization

The transition to machine-based manufacturing and large-scale production.

Immigration (Southern & Eastern Europe)

Large numbers of immigrants arriving from countries like Italy, Russia, and Poland during the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Economic Inequality

Uneven distribution of wealth between rich and poor.

Imperialism

A policy where a country expands its power by gaining control over other territories or nations.

Social Darwinism

The belief that stronger nations and races naturally dominate weaker ones.

White Man’s Burden

The belief that it was the duty of Western nations to civilize non-Western peoples.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Naval officer whose writings argued that strong navies and overseas bases were key to national power.

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. policy warning European powers not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.

Roosevelt Corollary

Theodore Roosevelt’s expansion of the Monroe Doctrine stating the U.S. could intervene in Latin America to maintain stability.

Missionary Impulse

The desire to spread Christianity and Western culture abroad.

Annexation of Hawaii (1898)

The U.S. officially took control of Hawaii.

Anti-Imperialist League

Organization that opposed U.S. imperial expansion.

Spanish-American War (1898)

A short war between the U.S. and Spain that resulted in American control of former Spanish territories.

Cuban Revolution

Cuban rebellion against Spanish rule that helped spark U.S. involvement.

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized newspaper reporting used to influence public opinion.

USS Maine Explosion

The destruction of a U.S. battleship in Havana Harbor that increased calls for war.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

Agreement ending the Spanish-American War and giving the U.S. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

Philippine-American War (1899

1902)

Puerto Rico

Caribbean territory gained by the U.S. from Spain.

Guam

Pacific island territory acquired by the U.S. after the Spanish-American War.

Philippines

Pacific islands controlled by the U.S. after Spain lost the war.

Progressivism

Reform movement aimed at fixing problems caused by industrialization such as corruption, inequality, and unsafe conditions.

Trust

A large corporation that controlled many smaller companies in the same industry.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Law intended to break up monopolies and promote competition.

Trust-Busting

Government actions taken to break up large monopolies.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt’s program focused on consumer protection, control of corporations, and conservation.

Theodore Roosevelt

Progressive president known for trust-busting and conservation policies.

William Howard Taft

President who continued many Progressive reforms and antitrust lawsuits.

Woodrow Wilson

President who supported banking reform and stronger antitrust laws.

16th Amendment

Established a federal income tax.

17th Amendment

Allowed direct election of U.S. senators by voters.

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote.

Consumer Protection

Government regulation to ensure products are safe and fairly marketed.

World War I (1914

1918)

Neutrality

A policy of not taking sides in a war.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German policy of attacking all ships, including civilian vessels.

RMS Lusitania

British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915, killing many Americans.

Zimmermann Telegram

Secret German message proposing a German-Mexican alliance against the U.S.

Woodrow Wilson’s War Message

Wilson asked Congress to declare war to “make the world safe for democracy.”

Selective Service Act (1917)

Law establishing the military draft.

Espionage Act (1917)

Law punishing interference with the military or support of enemies during wartime.

Sedition Act (1918)

Law making criticism of the government or war effort illegal.

Schenck v. United States (1919)

Supreme Court case ruling that speech creating a “clear and present danger” is not protected by the First Amendment.

Red Scare (1919 - 1920)

Fear of communism spreading in the U.S.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who organized raids against suspected radicals.

Palmer Raids

Arrests and deportations of suspected communists and anarchists.

Ku Klux Klan (1920s Revival)

White supremacist organization that expanded nationally during the 1920s.

The Birth of a Nation (1915)

Film that glorified the Ku Klux Klan and promoted racist ideas.

Great Migration

Movement of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities for jobs and safety.

Consumerism

Economic system encouraging the purchase of goods and services.

Mass Production

Manufacturing technique that produces large quantities of goods quickly.

Assembly Line

Production method where workers repeatedly perform small tasks in the manufacturing process.

Installment Buying

Purchasing goods with partial payments over time (credit).

Advertising Industry

Businesses promoting products through media and marketing.

Automobile Revolution

Rapid spread of cars that changed transportation and society.

Religious Fundamentalism

Belief in strict adherence to religious traditions and biblical teachings.

Scopes Trial (1925)

Famous court case about teaching evolution in schools.

Immigration Restrictions

Laws limiting immigration to the United States.

Urban vs Rural Divide

Cultural conflict between city and countryside values.

Stock Market Crash (1929)

Sudden collapse of stock prices triggering the Great Depression.

Great Depression

Severe worldwide economic crisis during the 1930s.

Overproduction

Producing more goods than consumers can buy.

Stock Speculation

Buying stocks hoping prices will quickly rise.

Bank Failures

Banks collapsing when they ran out of money.

Wealth Inequality

Large gap between rich and poor.

Herbert Hoover

President during the early years of the Great Depression who favored limited government intervention.

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR)

President who created the New Deal to combat the Depression.

New Deal

Series of government programs designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform.

Social Security Act (1935)

Program providing retirement pensions and unemployment insurance.

Bank Regulation

Government rules to stabilize the banking system.