Geography Term 4 - Development + Gauteng region - Grade 12

What is South Africa's topography like?

High-lying plateau with an escarpment.

What are ubiquitous industries?

Can locate anywhere.

Describe South Africa's interior climate.

Continental, with extreme temperatures.

What are bridge industries?

Located between raw material and market.

What is the climate like on the coastal plain?

Maritime, with moderated temperatures.

Why is industrial development important in South Africa?

Earns foreign exchange, creates better jobs, develops skills and technology, and supports other services.

Why does the Drakensberg get orographic rainfall?

Moist air rises over the mountains.

Name factors favoring industrial development in South Africa.

Range of raw materials, good infrastructure, cheap land, skilled/unskilled labor, market access, and harbors.

Which current warms the east coast?

The warm Mozambique current.

What factors affect industry location?

Proximity to raw materials, market access, water supply, transport, energy, labor, and government policies.

What type of biome is found on the east coast?

Subtropical, with high rainfall.

What factors restrict industrial development in South Africa?

Distance to foreign markets, labor shortages, strikes, water/electricity shortages, and pollution.

Which current cools the west coast?

The cold Benguela current.

What are high technology industries?

Industries focused on advanced technology, like food research and IT.

What type of biome is found on the west coast?

Semi-arid, with low rainfall.

What are bridge (break-of-bulk) industries?

Industries that process raw materials before transportation, not tied to raw material or market location.

How does rainfall change from west to east?

Increases from west to east.

What is a link industry?

An industry that attracts similar or complementary industries, known as functional magnetism or agglomeration.

What does the Kalahari High Pressure (KHP) bring in winter?

Dry weather to the interior.

Agglomeration

A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

What does the South Atlantic High Pressure (SAHP) do in summer?

Blocks cold fronts from reaching the southwestern Cape.

Why are rivers shorter on the east coast?

High rainfall over the Drakensberg.

What is the primary sector?

extraction of raw materials

What does the secondary sector do?

The secondary sector changes raw materials into value-added products

What is the tertiary sector?

the service sector

What is the quaternary sector?

research and development

What is the quinary sector?

The high-level decision-making roles in an organization

Why are fewer people in the primary sector?

Due to droughts, machinery, better education, and urbanization.

What is GDP?

Total value of goods and services produced within South Africa in one year.

What are key sectors contributing to South Africa's GDP?

Manufacturing, trade, financial services, transport, mining, agriculture, and tourism.

How was South Africa's economy traditionally structured?

Rooted in primary sectors, relying on minerals and agriculture.

What drove South Africa's economy in the early 1990s?

The tertiary sector, focusing on wholesale, tourism, and communications.

How is South Africa's economy structured today?

Knowledge-based, with a focus on technology, financial services, and trade.

What are some economic challenges in South Africa?

Poverty, HIV/AIDS, lack of skills, high unemployment, and an energy crisis.

What does South Africa's primary sector consist of?

Agriculture and Mining

Why is the primary sector important?

produced food, provides raw materials, provides coal for energy, exports, employment and job provision

What are key contributions of agriculture to the economy?(5)

Produces food, develops infrastructure, provides jobs, supplies raw materials, and earns foreign exchange through exports.

Name factors that favor farming in South Africa.

High product demand, fertile floodplains, high summer temperatures, available labor, and research support.

List main agricultural products in South Africa.

Fruits, grains, livestock, sugar, and dairy.

What is the role of small-scale farmers?

Can be subsistence or commercial, low production, part of the informal sector, potential to improve food security. will contribute to food security in the future

What is the role of large-scale farmers?

Predominantly commercial, high production, major contributor to GDP.

List factors hindering farming in South Africa.

Low rainfall, soil erosion, droughts, pests, and subsistence farming.

Define food security.

When all people have enough food for a healthy lifestyle.

Define food insecurity.

When not all people have enough food for a healthy lifestyle.

What are factors hindering food security?

Lack of fertile land, droughts, poverty, high food prices, climate change, food waste, population growth, and subsistence farming.

Name measures to improve food security.(9)

Sustainable agriculture, soil erosion prevention, food storage efficiency, reducing water waste, regulating food prices, supporting small farmers, good farming techniques, drought management, and urban food gardens.

What is extensive farming?

Farming using a large amount of land to create a small amount of produce

What is intensive farming?

Farming with a small amount of land to create a large amount of product

What are characteristics of extensive farming?

more land less yield per unit.

What are characteristics of intensive farming?

Less land, higher crop yield per hectare.

What are key contributions of mining to the economy?

Provides jobs, supplies raw materials, earns foreign exchange, stimulates other sectors, and leads to infrastructure development.

Name factors favoring mining in South Africa.

Wide range of minerals, large reserves, unskilled labor, foreign investment, well-developed infrastructure, low production costs, high-quality minerals, and coal resources for electricity.

Why is mining significant in South Africa's history?

Discovery of diamonds and gold drove development, attracted investment and immigrants, and led to the establishment of universities.

List factors hindering mining.

High underground temperatures, high training costs, worker strikes, long distances to harbors, water shortages, danger, fluctuating mineral prices, labor unrest, and non-renewable resources.

What are light industries?

Industries using light materials, light machinery, with little pollution. Example: clothing, food processing.

What are heavy industries?

Industries using heavy materials, heavy machinery, with high pollution. Example: steel, oil refining.

What are raw material-oriented industries?

Located close to raw material sources.

What are market-oriented industries?

Located close to customers. Example: cheese processing.

What are footloose industries?

Can locate anywhere without relying on raw material or market location.