class 3 obese BMI
>40
class 2 obese BMI
35-39.9
class 1 obese BMI
30-34.9
overweight BMI
25-29.9
normal weight BMI
18.5-24.9
underweight BMI
<18.5
densitometry methods of measuring body comp
hydrostatic weighing and bod pods
anthropometric methods of measuring body comp
height, weight, BMI, circumferences, skinfolds
exaggerated BP response
DBP> 115 mmHg; indication to stop
abnormal BP response
peak DBP> 90 mmHg or an >10 mmHg increase above resting value
post-exercise BP response
SBP returns to pre-exercise levels (or lower) by min-6 of recovery
blunted BP response
SBP response is slower in individual with limited ability to adjust to cardiac output
hypotensive BP response
decrease in SBP below pretest value or by >10 mmHg with increased workload
hypertensive BP response
SBP>250 mmHg
normal BP response to exercise
increase in SBP with increasing workloads at a rate of ~10 mmHg per 1 MET and typically no change or slight decrease in DBP
signs/symptoms of CVD, renal, and metabolic disease
pain/discomfort in chest, neck, jaw, arms, or other areas resulting from myocardial ischemia
dyspnea
dizziness or syncope
ankel edema
palpitations/tachycardia
intermittent claudication
heart murmur
orthopnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
stage 2 hypertension
SBP: 140+; DBP: 90+
stage 1 hypertension
SBP: 130-139; DBP: 80-89
elevated BP
SBP: 120-129; <80
normal BP
SBP: <120; DBP: <80
HDL cholesterol criteria for CVD risk factors
negative criteria; HDL: greater or equal to 60 mg/dL
blood glucose criteria for CVD risk factors
fasting glucose: greater or equal to 100 mg/dL; 2-hr OGTT: greater or equal to 140 mg/dL; HbA1G: greater or equal to 5.7%
lipid criteria for CVD risk factors
LDL: greater or equal to 130 mmHg; non-HDL: greater or equal to 130 mmHg; total cholesterol: greater or equal to 200 mmHg; HDL: men < 40 mmHg and women < 50 mmHg
blood pressure criteria for CVD risk factors
SBP: greater or equal to 130 mmHg and/or DBP: greater or equal to 80 mmHg
BMI/waist circumference criteria for CVD risk factors
BMI greater or equal to 30 kg/m2; waist circumference: greater than 40 in (102 cm) for men and greater than 35 in (88 cm) for women
physical inactivity criteria for CVD risk factors
not meeting minimum thresholds of PA recommendations; 75-150 min/week or 500-1,000 MET-min
cigarette smoking criteria for CVD risk factors
current smoker, quit within the last 6 months, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke
family history criteria for CVD risk factors
before 55 in dad and 65 in mom; history of heart attack, coronary revascularization, or sudden cardiac death
age criteria for CVD risk factors
men 45 or older and female 55 or older
PAR-Q+
self-recall of observations and signs/symptoms of patient’s experiences; only assesses safety of exercise
typical testing organization
informed consent and exercise pre-participation screening
pre-exercise evaluation; resting measurements
body comp
CRF testing
strength testing
flexibility testing
reasons for COD for people over 35 due to exercise
heart arrhythmias from CVD
reason for COD for people under 35 due to exercise
genetic abnormalities and aneurysm
risks of PA/exercise
musculoskeletal injuries and sudden cardiac arrest
effects of PA on CVD risk factors
increases HDL cholesterol, endothelial function, and insulin sensitivity; decreases BP, LDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and inflammation
health risk classification
compares a person’s values against criterion reference standards established from epidemiological data on health risks; results in classification describing health risk level or disease state
criterion reference standard
compares a person’s values against a predetermined standard, goal, or performance level’ classification such as good, average, or poor
normative classification
compares a person’s values against the normal or “norm” group usually resulting in a ranking; can be stratified by race, sex, or age
purpose of health related fitness testing
collecting baseline data, educating participant about current health/fitness status, data for development of an individual EX RX, follow-up data for progression in program, setting goals/motivating participant
skill-related components of fitness
agility, coordination, balance, power, reaction time, and speed
health-related components of fitness
cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, body comp, and flexibility
physical fitness
a set of attributes one has that relates to their ability to perform PA
exercise
a type of PA consisting of planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement with the intent to improve and/or maintain one or more components of fitness
vigorous intensity PA in METs
greater than or equal to 6.0 METs
moderate intensity PA in METs
3.0-5.9 METs
physical activity
bodily movement produce by contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure
light intensity PA in METs
1.6-2.9 METs
android obesity
fat distributed in torso; apple shape; increased risk of hypertension, metabolic syndrome, T2DM, dyslipidemia, CVD, and premature death
gynoid obesity
fat distributed in the hip and thigh; pear shaped
WHR (waist-to-hip ratio)
method for assessing body fat distribution and identifying individuals with greater deposits of abdominal fat; increased WHR = increased health risk
hydrostatic weighing
densitometry; most accurate method
DEXA
measures bone and soft-tissue composition; precise and reliable but expensive and technical
limitations of hydrostatic weighing
lung air volume confounding, conversion of body density of fat percentage, and fat-free density varies among people
bod pod
densitometry technique; 3 measures: empty, calibration cylinder, and person; tight-fitting clothing and swim cap; subject displace air
skinfold
based on the principle that subcutaneous fat is proportional to total body fat; ~1/3 subcutaneous fat to total fat; most widely used technique
body comp norms
12-23% in men and 17-26% for women
cardiorespiratory fitness
ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate-vigorous intensity for prolonged periods; important part of primary and secondary prevention and rehabilitory programs; very important for peoples mortality risk
assumptions of VO2max
steady-state HR is established for each work rate/stage
a linear relationship exists between HR and work rate/intensity
the difference between predicted and actual HRmax is minimal
mechanical difficulty is the same for everyone
the individual isn’t on any HR altering mediations or OTC products
when to stop an exercise test
onset of angina
drop in SBP of at least 10 mmHg
SBP>250 mmHg and/or DBP>115 mmHg
dyspnea, wheezing, leg cramps, or claudication
signs of poor perfusion
HR doesn’t increase with increasing intensity
noticeable heart rhythm changes by palpitation/auscultation
physical/verbal cues of severe fatigue
failure of testing equipment
failure to follow protocol
components of muscular fitness
muscular strength, muscular power, and muscular endurance
muscular strength
muscle’s ability to exert force; 3 or more reps to fatigue
muscular endurance
muscle’s ability to perform successive exertions or many reps; >12 reps to fatigue
muscular power
muscle’s ability to exert force over time, or the rate of performing work
flexibilty
ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion; depends on distensibility of joint capsule, adequate warm-up, and muscle viscosity
desirable non-HDL-C level
<130
above desirable non-HDL-C level
130-159
borderline high non-HDL-C level
160-189
high non-HDL-C level
190-219
very high non-HDL-C level
220+
desirable LDL-C level
<100
above desirable LDL-C level
100-129
borderline high LDL-C level
130-159
high LDL-C level
160—189
very high LDL-C level
190+
low HDL-C level
<40
normal triglycerides level
<150
borderline high triglycerides level
150-199
high triglycerides level
200-499
very high triglycerides level
500+