FINAL EXAM REVIEW

Rhetoric

the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

Ethos (ethics)

persuasion through the speaker’s or writer’s education, experience, trustworthy, likability and motivation

Pathos (sympathy/empathy)

persuasion through emotional appeal

Logos (Logic)

persuasion through logic argument

Rhetorical Question

a question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.

Parallelism

using similar words, clauses, phrases, sentence structure, or other grammatical elements to emphasize similar ideas in a sentence.

Propaganda

presenting one sided information to promote an opinion

Restatement

an act of stating the same idea in different words

Loaded Language/Emotive Language/ Emotional Appeal

is using strong, emotionally charged  language; words with positive and negative associations to those words that draws attention to the point

Denotation

the dictionary meaning of a word

Connotation

the positive or negative charge that a word may have

Context Clues

 hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.

 Author’s purpose

the author’s reason for writing

·  P = Persuade

·  I = Inform

·  E = Entertain

MLA Format

size 12 font, Times New Roman, Double-spaced, heading, header, citations and Works Cited page with a one inch margin around the paper, except for the header, which is a half inch front the top of the page

Parenthetical Citation

is the in-text citation, which follows a quote in the text/paragraph to give credit to the source, including the author’s last name and the page number

MLA Heading

your name, the teacher’s name, the class, & the date

Header

is your last name a half inch down from the top of the page in the right corner with a sequential number for each page·  

Titles

 titles of small writings (articles, short stories, poems, songs, speeches) are identified with “quotation marks” & titles of long writings (books, plays, newspapers) are underlined. Both small writings and longs writings can be italics.

Speaker

the character or narrator of the poem

Stanza

a group of lines that are surrounded by extra spaces in a poem

Rhyme Scheme

is the pattern of rhyme in a poem as identified by lowercase letters

External Rhyme

 is when words at the end of a line of a poetry rhyme

Internal Rhyme

is when words within a line of a poetry rhyme

Exact Rhyme

is when the vowel sounds and ending sounds match

Slant Rhyme

 is a half rhyme or an approximate rhyme

Imagery

creating an image with sensory descriptions

Tactile Imagery

imagery that describes how something feels

Olfactory Imagery

imagery that describes how something smells

Gustatory Imagery

 imagery that describes how something tastes

Hyperbole

exaggeration

Personification

giving human qualities to an object or an animal

Metaphor

a comparison between two different things

Extended Metaphor

a comparison between two different things that continues over multiple lines or sentences

Simile

a comparison between two different things, containing the words “like” or “as”

Dialect

 is a regional way of speaking

Onomatopoeia

words that sound like a sound

Foreshadowing

hints or clues as to what happens next

Flashback

when a character remembers an event from an earlier time

Dramatic Irony

when one or two characters and audience know something that the other characters do not

Verbal Irony

the speaker intends to be understood as meaning the opposite of the usual meaning of what the speaker’s actual words

Situational irony

when the outcome is the opposite or completely different from what was expected

Characterization

learning information about a character through their thoughts, words, actions, how they treat others and how they are treated

Mood

the feeling created/evoked in the reader by a text

Tone

the author’s attitude toward the subject

Point of view

 the view in which the story is told

a. 1^St person (“I” and “we” are used- first-hand experience)

b. 2^nd person (“you” is used or implied – a speech or directions in a “How to” article)

c. 3^rd person limited (“he,” “she” and “they” are used- the story gives the information about how one character views the events through his or her thoughts and feelings)

d. 3^rd person omniscient (“he,” “she” and “they” are used- the story gives the information about how multiple characters view the events through their thoughts and feelings- all seeing all knowing narrator)

 Setting

information about when and where the story takes place

Conflict

the struggle between two opposing forces

a. Character vs. Character – external conflict involving two characters disagreeing, competing or fighting

b.  Character vs. vs. society – external conflict involving a character disagreeing with a law or an accepted custom or something that they want to change, etc,

c.  Character vs. vs. nature – external conflict involving a character a natural event or a national emergency, etc

d.  Character vs. self – internal conflict involving a character making an important

Theme

the lesson the author wants the reader to learn

Rising action

a series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the climax

Climax

the most exciting part of the story, and many times when the character makes an important decision

Resolution

the solution to the conflict