World History: Early Humans, Civilizations, and Key Eras (1–137)

Why is geography important to history?

It affects settlement, resources, and culture.

How do archaeologists find out about early peoples?

By studying artifacts and fossils.

What is the job of a historian?

Interpreting and analyzing the past.

What was characteristic of the Old Stone Age?

Hunting and gathering.

What belief was probably held by Stone Age people?

Life after death.

What was the Neolithic Revolution?

Shift from hunting and gathering to farming.

What was a key feature of early civilizations?

Cities.

What caused ancient civilizations to change?

Environmental and social changes.

When did the first civilization emerge?

Around 3000 BCE.

How many years passed between farming and civilization?

About 3,000-4,000 years.

When did the Neolithic agricultural revolution occur?

Around 10,000 BCE.

Between which events did the longest time elapse?

Neolithic Revolution to civilization.

Who would discover new Stone Age evidence?

An archaeologist.

How do historians help us learn about the past?

By interpreting evidence.

When did early people first use stone tools?

Over 2 million years ago.

What evidence suggests belief in life after death?

Burials with goods.

What change marked the New Stone Age?

Farming and permanent settlements.

What marked the beginning of civilization?

Cities and writing.

Where did the first cities emerge?

River valleys.

What aided cultural diffusion among ancient peoples?

Trade.

Where were cattle raised according to Figure 2-1?

Near rivers and grasslands.

Which resource was most widely distributed?

Gold.

Why was Egypt called the 'breadbasket of the world'?

Fertile Nile farmland.

What valuable resource was mined in Nubia?

Gold.

How did Egyptians view their pharaohs?

As gods.

The Pyramid Age is also known as what?

Old Kingdom.

What did Egyptians believe in?

Life after death.

What developed due to record-keeping needs in Egypt?

Writing.

Sumer was made up of what?

City-states.

What is the Epic of Gilgamesh?

An epic poem.

Why was Hammurabi's Code important?

It established written laws.

Who united the Hebrew tribes?

King David.

Why does Egyptian art show Nubians?

Trade and interaction.

What geographic feature most influenced Egypt?

Nile River.

Most Egyptians belonged to what social group?

Farmers.

Movement across the Fertile Crescent led to what?

Cultural diffusion.

How did Egyptians differ from Sumerians about rulers?

Egyptians believed rulers were gods.

Who spread civilization throughout the Mediterranean?

Phoenicians.

Which two rivers influenced Indian civilization?

Indus and Ganges.

What shows Indus cities had organized governments?

Planned cities and drainage systems.

What is true about the Indus Valley civilization?

It had advanced cities.

What is contained in the Mahabharata?

Hindu stories and legends.

Why was Chinese writing difficult to learn?

Thousands of characters.

Which letter marks the Indus Valley civilization?

Letter in northwest India.

Which letters show early Indian civilization sites?

Two letters in India.

What likely caused the decline of Indus civilization?

Flooding or climate change.

Why was the Huang He called the River of Sorrows?

Deadly floods.

What was true under feudalism?

Peasants worked land for lords.

What was first achieved by the Chinese?

Paper.

What accurate statement does Figure 4-1 show?

India is geographically divided.

The Deccan Plateau was part of what region?

Southern India.

Why was the Gupta period a golden age?

Peace and prosperity.

Which philosophy supported harsh laws?

Legalism.

What belief do Hindus and Buddhists share?

Reincarnation.

India's golden age occurred under which dynasty?

Gupta.

What was the purpose of caste rules?

Maintain social order.

Who governed Indian villages?

Village councils.

What did Confucius emphasize most?

Family duty and respect.

China became most advanced under which dynasty?

Han Dynasty.

Which civilization began at location D?

Mycenaean.

Which letter marks Sparta?

Southern Greece letter.

Where was the center of Minoan civilization?

Crete.

What conflict centered around Troy?

The Trojan War.

Greek geography helped create what?

City-states

Who dominated Greece after the Persian Wars?

Athens

The Peloponnesian War was between whom?

Athens and Sparta

Greek theater evolved from what?

Religious festivals

Alexander's most lasting achievement?

Spread of Greek culture

Center of the Hellenistic world?

Alexandria

What geographic feature linked Greece to others?

Harbors and coastline

Rule by a few wealthy citizens is called what?

Oligarchy

Spartan boys were trained to be what?

Soldiers

Leader of Athens during golden age?

Pericles

Conflict between Athens and Sparta?

Peloponnesian War

Aristotle believed the best government was?

Balanced government

Greek art and architecture emphasized what?

Balance and realism

Who built an empire from Greece to India?

Alexander the Great

Pax Romana began under which ruler?

Augustus

How long after Pax Romana did Rome fall?

About 300 years

What occurred after Augustus began ruling?

Pax Romana

When was the Roman Empire divided?

Around 285 CE

Who represented plebeians in Rome?

Tribunes

After the Gracchi brothers, Rome faced what?

Political instability

Roman art was influenced by whom?

Greeks

Roman law contributed to what principle?

Rule of law

Rome's attitude toward Jews?

Often intolerant

What did Jesus claim was his mission?

Save humanity

Pax Romana ended after death of whom?

Marcus Aurelius

Rome's new capital became what city?

Constantinople

Wealth from empire caused what problem?

Increased inequality

Roman civil wars were fought over what?

Who should rule

Roman culture blended heavily with what?

Greek culture

Rome's general religious policy?

Mostly tolerant

Who tried to restore order to Rome?

Diocletian

What was NOT a cause of Rome's fall?

Christianity alone

Earliest Americans migrated from where?

Asia

Early American civilizations formed near what?

River valleys

What did Hopewell and Mississippians share?

Mound building

Which group lived earliest?

Hopewell

What does Figure 7-1 show about cultures?

They existed in different regions