AI Quiz 2

Prisoner's Dilemma

• Imagine a scenario where both players have incentive to exploit each other, and a danger of being exploited. In additional, they both prefer mutual cooperation to mutual defection

• Trust kind of structure / relationship → encourages them to cooperate

• Benefit from mutual cooperation

• Self interested behavior leads to suboptimal outcome

Anthropocentrism

• People project human-like characteristics on non-human objects

  • People are more comfortable and trusting of things that look like them

Uncanny Valley

• People actually don’t like things that look human, but not quite

  • Polar express people → more comforted by Moana (looks less human than polar express)

Philosophical Theories of Love

• Reductionism (desire)

  • No such thing as love; actually only __ (need, sexual desire, etc)

• Union (merging desires)

  • Love = bringing together of things, become one (philia)

• “Robust concern” (care and preserving)

  • Want to care / foster health and wellbeing of this person

  • Wanting good for them = love

• Emotion views

  • All other positions are missing the feelings (passion) → something that moves you towards that person

*Under most of these positions, humans can have love with AI, union and robust concern might be harder to argue

Plato's Theory of Love

• Valuing (judgements)

  • To love someone = to find someone valuable

  • Love value is connected to pride

Case Histories of Marriage Standards

• Loving v. Virginia (1967)

  • Interracial marriage

• Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

  • same-sex marriage

• Reynolds v. US (1878) 

  • Restricts polygamy

• Various state laws

  • Restrict child marriage

Technological Unemployment

Machines take over all human labor (extreme end of displacement effect)

Displacement Effect // Effects Counteracting the Displacement of Automation (e.g., Capital Accumulation and Productivity Increases)

Automation takes jobs because it lowers the cost of labor → “increase in automation causes a decrease in demand for human labor”

Counteracting the displacement (prevent technological unemployment)

• Productivity effects (reduced cost)

  • Ask task becomes more automated, more opportunities for humans to work alongside machines

  • Also idea of human retraining

  • Gig economy → cheap to hire individuals but easy to replace; more and more humans free for labor, gig economy is an objection to this argument

• Capital accumulation (increased outputs)

  • Automation → increase outputs; increase capital to put into company

  • Automation increases productivity → huge amounts of capital → reinvestment in human labor

Arguments for / against Displacement Effects

Arguments for: Cost reduction, increased efficiency and productivity

Arguments against: People lose motivation to pursue their dreams, job loss

Luddites

Group of people worked in manufacturing and they were upset that AI replacing jobs. Destroyed machines. (anti automation)

Autonomy

The ability of an individual or system to act independently and make decisions without external influence.

Automation Bias

an automated medical diagnosis tool may overlook important symptoms or risk factors, leading to incorrect treatment decisions

• Humans slowly and gradually rely on automation more and more

SAE Standards for Autonomous Vehicles

Objectivism/Subjectivism about Meaningful Lives

Objectivism 

• “meaningfulness of life is independent of subjective beliefs and desires”

Subjectivism 

• If you feel and think that life is meaningful then it is

• Hedonism → happy life = meaningful life

Compatibilism/Incompatibilism about Free Will

Compatibilism is the view that free will and determinism are compatible. It argues that it is possible for an individual to possess free will even if their actions are determined by prior causes.

Aristotle's Theory of Citizenship

• Equal capacity (Aristotle)

  • Differences in ability → mean more or less legal rights?

  • Citizenship based on capacity

Locke's Theory of Property

• Labor is how people acquire property; property is something that you can buy and sell

• Used as justification for colonialists

• Capitalism and property ownership

• “The theory is rooted in laws of nature that Locke identifies, which permit individuals to appropriate, and exercise control rights over, things in the world, like land and other material resources.”

Marx's Theory of Labor

• Capitalism is bad economically and for identity

  • Work is a part of who you are

    • When sell labor, turn you into an object (commodification)

    • Trade part of yourself for a wage

    • Metaphysics of it

    • Taking away labor from people is taking away part of who they are

  • Organ selling is illegal in all countries except Iran

    • Part of who you are (Marx says)

      • Same thing about labor

Utilitarianism

An ethical theory that asserts that the best action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure. (in consequence-based family // J.S. Mill)

• An action is right just because it brings about good consequences → increases well-being

• Maximize net well-being

Natural Rights

John Locke’s Life, Property, Liberty

• “all individuals are equal in the sense that they are born with certain "inalienable" natural rights” → life, property, liberty (negative rights // Locke)

• Never cross a rights-boundary without consent

Contractarianism

• Contract with government, social contract, give up some of freedoms for moral space, pretty much goal of Constitution

  • Hobbes

• “Contractarianism, which stems from the Hobbesian line of social contract thought, holds that persons are primarily self-interested, and that a rational assessment of the best strategy for attaining the maximization of their self-interest will lead them to act morally (where the moral norms are determined by the maximization of joint interest) and to consent to governmental authority.” (source)

• Always provide people with what they are owed (positive rights // Rawls)

Virtue Ethics

• Perform the action that is consistent with good intentions/character (agent based // Aristotle)

• mirroring a virtuous person, or someone who has model characteristics, and their actions provides the guidelines for morality (aristotle)

Moral Relativism

• Rejects objective moral value

• Make morality relative to ___

Positions on Political Equality

• Equal value (Locke)

  • Everyone created equally 

• Equal capacity (Aristotle)

  • Differences in ability → mean more or less legal rights?

• Equal treatment (Kant)

  • Either have rights or don’t

  • Reflects on your own responsibilities (good to treat things equally

• Institutions of equality (Rawls)

Positions on Free Will

Two people plan to murder someone. Person B will make person A pull the trigger if person A chickens out. Does Person A have free will. 

Dualist 

• Need soul to have free will (problem of other minds; causal interaction problem)

Materialist 

• Material object in material world

Eliminitavist 

• Free will doesn’t exist (problem of responsibility)

Arguments for AI Rights

Robots should be slaves article

• AI should not have rights

• Why does Bryceson think that AI shouldn’t have rights

  • Cost to individuals if they are treating machines as people rather than interacting with other real people

  • Cost to institutions protecting rights to objects, giving resources

  • Other kinds of costs