LIBERALISM

Locke's Tolerance

Tolerance for alternative religious & political views → State cannot compel belief

Social Contract

Between rulers & ruled → Mechanistic theory: Creation of state by people to protect their liberties

State of Law

Resolves disputes between individuals more effectively than can be achieved in state of nature

Constitutionalism

Limited by separation of powers & requirement of consent from people as rational beings

Negative Freedom

Individuals far away from government intervention/minimal state → Hence little constraints for individual & would encourage self-reliance

Nightwatchman State

To protect 'peace and public good of the people' → 'When there is no law, there is no freedom'

J.S. Mill's Tolerance

Tolerance for diverse opinions

Mill's Negative Freedom

State had role to aid individuals in attaining developmental individualism

Representative Democracy

As direct would lead to a tyranny of the majority

Rawls' Enabling State

Which everyone would agree in a position of ignorance, 'justice as fairness'

Equality of Opportunity

State has greater role for equality of opportunity & social justice

T.H. Green's Positive Freedom

State intervention to have 'freedom too'. Unrestrained pursuit of profit causes social & economic injustices

Veil of Ignorance

Ignorance of position in society → people would pick a fair society through taxes & redistribution

Wollstonecraft's Formal Equality

More rights & opportunities for women as they appeared to be inferior to men due to lack of educational opportunities

Patriarchy Constraints

All citizens should enjoy equality under law to experience genuine life of liberty free from constraints of patriarchy

Friedan's Affirmative Action

State should intervene with affirmative action e.g., Labour all women shortlists

Locke on Human Nature

Humans have natural liberties

Rational Consent

Humans would consent to creation of a state through social contract & be capable of own development

Self-Interest in Modern Theory

Humans have a self-interested need for a more just society

Wollstonecraft on Rationality

Women & men equally rational

Locke on Freedom

Laissez faire capitalism allows for personal freedom & provides benefits for all of society

Harm Principle

Individuals free to act as long as they don't hurt anyone

Self-Regarding Actions

Does not infringe on the freedom of others

Rawls on Social Justice

State has greater role for equality of opportunity & social justice

Wollstonecraft

Author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Women' (1792), advocating for formal equality and educational opportunities for women.

Formal Equality

The principle that all citizens should enjoy equality under law to experience genuine liberty free from patriarchy.

Friedan

Author of 'The Feminine Mystique', which exposed societal expectations that limit women's potential, particularly for mothers and housewives.

Rational Desire for Freedom

The foundational belief that all humans are born equal and should be given the same rights in law.

Locke: State of Law

A system that resolves disputes between individuals more effectively than can be achieved in a state of nature.

J.S. Mill

Philosopher who argued that society benefits from individualism.

T.H. Green: Positive Freedom

The idea that unrestrained pursuit of profit leads to social injustices and that liberty may be threatened by inequality.

Rawls: Enabling State

A state that ensures social and economic equality, as agreed upon from a position of ignorance.

Keynesianism

The rejection of classical liberal laissez-faire economics, advocating for regulations to protect all classes.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

An economic system that allows for personal freedom and benefits society as a whole.

Minimal Taxation

The belief that property rights are natural rights and should not be hindered by taxation.

Industrial Revolution

A period that limited individual liberty due to the constraints of capitalism.

Friedan on Property Rights

Friedan argued for women's equal rights to property and work, reducing financial dependency on marriage.