PBS 2.1.3-2.1.5 Test Review

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells, Active in immune response

Thrombocytes

Platelets, assists in blood clotting

Erythocytes

Red Blood Cells, Carries Oxygen

Plasma

Dissolves Substances

Phlebotomist

Draw blood for tests and research. Help patients and donors before a blood draw.

Hematologist

Help with disordors relating to blood, bone marrow, and lymphatic system.

When do you remove the tourniquet from the arm after a blood draw?

You remove the tourniquet BEFORE you remove the needle after a blood draw.

What vein do you use to draw blood from?

Median Cubital Vein or the Antecubital Vein

Steps of drawing blood

Steralize the areaApply the tourniquetPlace the handDraw the Blood

White Blood Cells (WBC)

5 kinds of nucleated cells that fight infections

Red Blood Cells (RBC)

Cells that transport oxygen around the body

Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells

Hematocrit (HTC)

Proportion of Red Blood Cells to plasma

Platlets

Bits of cells that help with blood clotting

Normal Range of WBC

4,500-11,000/mL 4.5-11 x 10^9/L

Normal Range of RBC

4-5.9 x 10^12/L MEN 3.8-5.2 x 10^12/L WOMEN

Normal Range of Hemoglobin

13.5-17.5 g/dL MEN 12-15.5 g/dL WOMEN

Normal Range of Hematorcit

41%-50% MEN 36%-48% WOMEN

Normal Range of Platlets

150,000-450,000 per Microliter of Blood

Possible meaning if WBC is LOW

Viral infection is preventing bone marrow from making new WBCs

Possible meaning if RBC is LOW

Anemia, Lukemia, Malnutrition, your body doesn’t have enough calories, minerals, and or vitimans

Possible meaning if Hemoglobin is LOW

You have fewer red blood cells doing essental work carrying Oxygen

Possible meaning if Hematocrit is LOW

Low levels of RBCs (Anemia) loss of blood, iron deficiency, bone marrow problems or a disease like sickle cell

Possible meaning if Platlets is LOW

Excessive bleeding and bruising

Possible meaning if WBC is HIGH

Infection, reaction to medicine, bone marrow disease, or an immune system issue

Possible meaning if RBC are HIGH

Limited oxygen supply due to heart or other condition is triggering need for extra RBCs

Possible meaning if Hemoglobin is HIGH

Your body requires an increased oxygen-carrying capacity

Possible meaning if Hematocrit is HIGH

Dehydration, polycythemia vera where you produce too many red blood cells, lung or heart disease

Possible meaning if Platlets are HIGH

Cancers such as lung, ovarian, gastrointestinal or breast cancer can cause this

Hematologists

A doctor that specalizes in the research, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention or blood disorders, they can work in private clinics, labratories, pathology, or blood banks.

Hematocrit Formula

(Red Blood Cell Level/total Blood Level) x 100 \= Percent Red Blood Cell Volume \= Hematocrit

Cholesterol

A lipid that is essiental to animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically importiant steroids

Cholesterol is a key component in…

The Cell membrane in Animal Cells

LDL

Type of lipoprotien responsible for transporting cholesterol to the cells

HDL

Type of pipoprotein responsible for removing excess cholesterol from the blood and transporting it to the liver

Saturated Fat

Fats that are typically solid at room tempature and increase LDL cholesterol

Unsaturated Fat

Healthier foods that balance by decreasing LDL and increasing HDL

Normal Range of LDL

LDL and HDL are balanced and there is no plaque buildup

Normal Range of HDL

LDL and HDL are balanced and there is no plaque buildup

Normal range of Saturated Fat

Low intake of Saturated Fats and there is a greater intake of Unsaturated Fats

Normal range of Unsaturated Fat

High intake of Unsaturated Fats and low intake of Saturated Fats

Possible meaning if LDL is LOW

Cancer, hemorragic stroke, depression

Possible meaning if HDL is LOW

Higher risk of death from cardiovascular diseases

Possible meaning if Saturated Fats are LOW

Nothing

Possible meaning if Unsaturated Fats are LOW

Disrupts cell membranes and constricts blood vessles

Possible meaning if LDL is HIGH

Damage artery wall and contributes to plaque buildup

Possible meaning if HDL is HIGH

Lower risk of heart disease

Possible meaning if Saturated Fats are HIGH

Raise LDL and increases risk of heart disease and strokes

Possible meaning if Unsaturated Fats are HIGH

Improved blood cholesterol

Glucose

Simple sugar the body uses for energy

Electrolytes

Minerals found in the blood and urine. Helps keep water in balance, moves nutrients, and makes sure things function

BUN - Blood Urea Nitrogen and Creatine

Waste products filtered our by kidneys and gives insight how kidneys are doing

Normal Range of Glucose

65-99 mg/dl

Normal Range of Electrolytes

3.5-5 mEq/L

Normal Range of BUN

6-24 mg/dL

Possible meaning if Glucose is LOW

Hypoglycemia

Possible meaning if Electrolytes are LOW

Hyponatremia

Possible meaning if BUN is LOW

Diet very low in protein, malnutrition, severe liver damage

Possible meaning if Glucose is HIGH

Body lacks enough insulin

Possible meaning if Electrolytes are HIGH

Bad sign of kidney disease, high Blood Pressure, or a life threteaning irregular heart rythm

Possible meaning if BUN is HIGH

Kidneys aren’t working well

Stethascope

The sound and clarity of the breaths. Measured as a quality description of the sound.

Scale

Used to measure weight

Sphygmomanometer

The force of blood moving through blood vessels. Measured in Millimeters of Mercury (mm Hg)

Tape Measure

Used to measure height

Pulse Oximeter

The amount of oxygen in the blood. Measured in %

Thermomiter

To measure tempature in C° and F°

Pulse

Number of beats your heart beats in a minuet. Measured in BPM (Beats Per Minuet)

Calculator

Used to calculate body mass index ratio (ratio of height to weight)

Timer

Used to measure number of breaths taken in a minuet. Measured as BPM (Breaths per minuet)

LPM

Licensed Practical Nurse

RN

Registered Nurse

NP

Nurse Practitioner

LPN - Duties

Record patient history, giving medication, take vital signs, basic wound care, and giving injections

RN - Duties

Maintain records, give patients meds, order & interpret tests, start IVs, and educate patients

NP - Duties

Record medical history, update reccords, documenting symptoms, colecting samples, preforming detailed examinations, and creating treatment plans

Tempature - Low

Below 95°

Tempature - High

Above 103°

Heart Rate - Resting Low

60

Heart Rate - Resting High

100

Respiratory Rate - Low

12

Respiratory Rate - High

25

Blood 02 Saturation - Low

90%

Blood 02 Saturation - High

100%

Blood Pressure - Low

Less than 20/Less than 80

Blood Pressure - High

above 140/above 90

eye movement test

-checks to see if the muscles of the eye are working properly physician will ask patient to stare at an object held 12-16 inches away from the patient's facephysician will ask patient to follow the object with their eyes while keeping their head still

pupillary response test

-procedure to test that the pupils constrict briskly and equally in response to a bright light physician shines a light on the side of the eyes or moves the patient from a bright to dimly-lit roompupils should share a similar diameter

facial nerve function test

-checks if the facial nerves are working properly physician asks patient to open and close their eyes then smile and frown; checking for facial symmetry

hearing test

-one of the patients ears is covered physician will move far away from the patient and whisper two wordsrepeat for the other side

coordination test

ask the patient to stand with their arms extended and alternate touching their nose with each index fingerobserve the speed and precision of the movements

gait test

tests cerebellar function and balance observe a person walk for 15 to 20 feet and then returnnote if the person moves freely, the gait be smooth, rhythmic and effortless, opposing arm swing is coordinated, turns are smoothask patient to walk on their toes and then on their heelsfor children, maybe ask to skip or kick a ball

reflex test

-assesses nervous system function; measures muscle responses to stimuli tap on the patellar nerve (near the knee cap) and wait for the lower leg to kick

peripheral vision/vision field

ask patient to look straight aheadpresent stationary or moving targets and move them from behind the head to the side of the ears and forwardask the patient when they are able to see the object

smell test

have the patient close their eyesplace a non-irritating substance with a distinctive smell (coffee, vanilla, orange, etc.) close to the patient's noseask them to identify the smell

memory test

-ask the patient to repeat three words ask them to repeat the three words again 2-3 minutes later

motor strength test

ask the patient to extend their armspush down gently on the extended arms and ask the patient to push back

sensation test

using the end of a swab, apply the stimulus at the toes and work your way up to the kneecomplete this test on each legconfirm that the patient feels all touches and sensation is equal in both limbs

Dermatologist

medical doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions

ABCDE

system used to evaluate whether a mole is normal or abnormal. Asymmetry, Borders, Color, Diameter, Evolving