Earth Science

Earth

What is the only living planet discovered?

4 factors of habitability

• Temperature

• Energy

• Atmosphere

• Nutrients

Temperature

Which factor of habitability influences how quickly atoms and molecules move?

15°C - 115°C

What is the ideal temperature for a planet for life to exist?

Energy

Which factor of habitability is the light and chemical energy that run chemical reactions necessary for life.

Atmosphere

Which factor of habitability insulates, and provides protection from radiation.

Nutrients

Which factor of habitability involves the water cycle, and volcanoes to circulate nutrients.

The 4 Eons in the history of the Earth

• Hadean

• Archaean

• Proterozoic

• Phanerozoic

Eons

____ are the largest intervals of geologic time and are hundreds of millions of years in duration.

Phanerozoic Eon

What is the most recent eon and began more than 500 million years ago?

Eras

Eons are divided into smaller time intervals known as ____?

Periods

Eras are subdivided into ______.

Cenozoic Mesozoic and Paleozoic

Phanerozoic is divided into three eras:

Hadean

Which eon did not have that many evidence of existing except the discovery of Zircon Crystals?

Hades

Hadean eon was named after the Greek god and ruler of the underworld _____.

Archaean

Eon where life first emerged.

Proterozoic

Eon where unicellular life emerged also called the Precambrian period.

Paleozoic

What period in the geological time scale where fish diversified and marine organisms were very abundant, and where Pangea first formed.

Mesozoic

Era na may Dinosaurs.

Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous

What are the 3 periods of the Mesozoic Era?

Nicholas Steno

Danish scientist responsible for the modernization of Geology and the founder of Stratigraphy.

Stratigraphy

Study of Rock Layering

William Smith

Father of English Geology

Charles Lyell

Scottish scientist, author of the principles of Geology

Relative Dating

Determining which rock, fossil, or event came first, second, third, etc. (sequencing)

Absolute Dating

Determining the age of a rock, or fossil using radioactive decay and provide information.

Unifomitarianism

Law of nature that Earth’s cycles are constant but rates and intensity are varied through time

Fossils

Remnants of ancient creatures

The geologic time scale is an example of relative dating.

Geologic Time Scale is an example of what type of dating?

• Law of Superposition

• Law of Original Horizontality

• Law of Cross-cutting relationship

• Law of Lateral Continuity

What Laws of stratigraphy were proposed Nicholas Steno?

Law of Inclusions

What Laws of stratigraphy were proposed Charles Lyell?

Law of Faunal successions

What Law of stratigraphy were proposed William Smith?

crusts

sediments cannot form on ____ and can only be deposited on the bottom of a body of water.

Deposition

What is the collection of sediments called?

surface

Weathering cannot happen underwater, only on the ______ or if rocks emerge from a body of water.

Metamorphic Rocks

What is the whiskers called that are found in this image?

contact metamorphism

What is the process that is occurring on the whiskers in this image?

Law of Superposition of Strata

Younger layers of rock sit atop older layers

Law of Original Horizontality

Rocks are originally deposited flat

Law of Lateral Continuity

Layer of rock are continuous

Law of Cross-cutting relationship

When something cuts a sedimentary sequence then it is younger

Law of Inclusions

Inclusions are older than the rock they are deposited and layers are older than their intrusions

Near the bottom of rock layers

According to the Law of superstition, the oldest fossils are found

Sedimentary Rock type

Fossils are most common in what rock type?

absolute

If you say something occurred 12 million years ago, you are using _____ time.

Atmosphere

Earth subsystem (air)

Geosphere

Earth subsystem (land)

Hydrosphere

Earth subsystem (water)

Biosphere

Earth subsystem (life)

Troposphere

The only layer in the atmosphere clouds reside.

Ozone Layer

Part of the Stratosphere responsible for protection from UV radiation.

Mesosphere

Part of the Atmosphere responsible for the defense from space debris through friction.

Thermosphere

Part of the Atmosphere where particles are ionized/charged (magnetic field)

Exosphere

Part of the atmosphere where a small portion of our atmosphere “leaks”

Inner core

hottest, iron and nickel rich solid layer of the Earth where our magnetic field comes from

Outer Core

Second hottest, iron and nickel rich liquid layer of the Earth

Intense pressure

Why is the Inner core solid?

The Mesosphere and Asthenosphere

The mantle is divided into two layers which are?

Asthenosphere

What layer of the Earth that is fluid, moves the tectonic plates?

1.5 cm or 0.6 in

How many centimeters do the tectonic plates move yearly?

Oceanic and Continental Crust

Two kinds of crust

71%

How many % of the Earth is water

97%

How many % of the water in Earth is salt water?

69%

How many % of the freshwater is frozen

1%

How many % of the fresh water is surface water

Rocks

Aggregate of Minerals

Geology

Study of the changes of the Earth over time

Standards of a mineral

• naturally occurring

• chemically inorganic

• homogenous solids

• ordered internal structure

• definite chemical composition

Streak

Color of mineral in powdered form

Hardness

Resistance to scratch

Cleavage

resistance from being broken into a semi smooth surface

diaphenity

transparency; ability for light to pass through

luster

how light is reflected on a surface

tenacity

reaction to stress

sectility

sliced by a knife

intrusive

still cooling rock

extrusive

already cool igneous rock

glassy texture (extrusive)

Silica-rich

vesicular texture (extrusive)

trapped gasses (buslot-buslot)

pyroclastic (extrusive)

rocks ejected during an explosive volcanic eruption

Aphanitic (extrusive)

fine-grained texture, crystals cannot be seen by the naked eye

porphoraytic (intrusive)

almost at the surface (still inside the crust)

phaneritic (intrusive)

crystals have melted, slow cooling process, high crystallization.

sediments

rocks broken into small pieces

compacting

_____ occurs when deposited sediments have lesser amounts of water

cementation

____ occurs when there is crystallization

Clastic sedimentary rocks

• Conglomerate

• Sandstone

• Shale

non-clastic sedimentary rocks

1. Coal

2. Rock Salt

3. Limestone

Metamorphic rock type

rocks that have gone through intense heat and pressure (squeezing)

crystals, glassy or sparkly, and ribbon-feather-like structures

Metamorphic rocks have?

marble

an example of a metamorphic rock is?

obsidian

an example of a igneous rock is?

Glassy surface, and gas bubbles

Igneous rocks have?