Chapter 12-14

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33 Terms

1

Solid

State of matter with a fixed shape and volume.

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2

Liquid

State of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape.

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3

Gas

State of matter with no fixed shape or volume.

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4

Molar Mass

Mass of one mole of a substance (g/mol).

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5

Molar Volume

Volume occupied by one mole of a substance (L/mol).

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6

Crystalline Solids

Solids with a highly ordered, repeating arrangement of atoms/molecules.

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7

Amorphous Solids

Solids with no long-range order or repeating structure.

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8

Vapor Pressure

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid.

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9

Dispersion Forces

Weak intermolecular forces increasing with molecule size.

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10

Like Dissolves Like

Polar solvents dissolve polar substances; nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar substances.

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11

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of different substances.

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12

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance.

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13

Surface Tension

The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid.

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14

Capillary Effect

The ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space.

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15

Viscosity

A liquid’s resistance to flow.

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16

Meniscus

The curve of a liquid’s surface in a container.

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17

Condensation

Gas to liquid phase change.

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18

Heat of Phase Change

Energy required for a substance to change phase.

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19

Dynamic Equilibrium

A state where the rates of forward and reverse processes are equal.

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20

Heating Curve

Graph showing temperature vs. heat added.

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21

Crystal Lattice

3D arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline solid.

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22

Unit Cell

The smallest repeating unit in a crystal lattice.

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23

Coordination Number

Number of nearest neighbors around an atom in a crystal.

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24

Packing Efficiency

Percentage of space occupied in a crystal lattice.

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25

Simple Cubic (SC)

1 atom/unit cell, 52% packing efficiency.

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26

Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)

2 atoms/unit cell, 68% packing efficiency.

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27

Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)

4 atoms/unit cell, 74% packing efficiency.

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28

Polymorphs

Different crystal structures of the same substance.

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29

Metallic Bonding

Positive metal ions surrounded by a 'sea of electrons.'

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30

Band Theory

Explains electrical conductivity based on valence and conduction bands.

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31

Conductor

Freely moving electrons (e.g., metals).

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32

Semiconductor

Conductivity increases with temperature.

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33

Insulator

No free electrons (e.g., rubber).

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