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Solid
State of matter with a fixed shape and volume.
Liquid
State of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape.
Gas
State of matter with no fixed shape or volume.
Molar Mass
Mass of one mole of a substance (g/mol).
Molar Volume
Volume occupied by one mole of a substance (L/mol).
Crystalline Solids
Solids with a highly ordered, repeating arrangement of atoms/molecules.
Amorphous Solids
Solids with no long-range order or repeating structure.
Vapor Pressure
The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid.
Dispersion Forces
Weak intermolecular forces increasing with molecule size.
Like Dissolves Like
Polar solvents dissolve polar substances; nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar substances.
Adhesion
Attraction between molecules of different substances.
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
Surface Tension
The energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid.
Capillary Effect
The ability of a liquid to flow against gravity in a narrow space.
Viscosity
A liquid’s resistance to flow.
Meniscus
The curve of a liquid’s surface in a container.
Condensation
Gas to liquid phase change.
Heat of Phase Change
Energy required for a substance to change phase.
Dynamic Equilibrium
A state where the rates of forward and reverse processes are equal.
Heating Curve
Graph showing temperature vs. heat added.
Crystal Lattice
3D arrangement of atoms or molecules in a crystalline solid.
Unit Cell
The smallest repeating unit in a crystal lattice.
Coordination Number
Number of nearest neighbors around an atom in a crystal.
Packing Efficiency
Percentage of space occupied in a crystal lattice.
Simple Cubic (SC)
1 atom/unit cell, 52% packing efficiency.
Body-Centered Cubic (BCC)
2 atoms/unit cell, 68% packing efficiency.
Face-Centered Cubic (FCC)
4 atoms/unit cell, 74% packing efficiency.
Polymorphs
Different crystal structures of the same substance.
Metallic Bonding
Positive metal ions surrounded by a 'sea of electrons.'
Band Theory
Explains electrical conductivity based on valence and conduction bands.
Conductor
Freely moving electrons (e.g., metals).
Semiconductor
Conductivity increases with temperature.
Insulator
No free electrons (e.g., rubber).