GCSe geog

Push factors

Make people want to leave- encouragement

Pull factors

Factors that attract people to the new city/area

Give 3 examples of push factors

• unemployment

• Low wages

• Poor health and services

Give 3 examples of pull factors

• more jobs

• Higher wages

• Less risk of natural disasters

What is literacy rate?

The percentage of adults who can read or write

What is infant mortality rate?

The amount of babies that die before one year of age

What is death rate?

The amount of deaths per 1000 people

What is birth rate?

The amount of live births per 1000 people per year

What is GNI per head/capita?

the GNI of a country divided by the total population

What is mechanisation?

In industry, the process of introducing machines to carry out tasks that humans used to do

In the Uk, what has been on the decline and what has been on the increase?

• manufacturing

• Tertiary and quaternary sectors

What is the quaternary sector?

The section of employment that is knowledge-based eg, ICT and research

What is the tertiary sector?

Providing services- this includes retail, tourism, education and banking

Deindustralisation

The decline of manufacturing in a country

Industrialisation

The increase of manufacturing in a country

What is the treasury?

The place where a countrys money is kept

What is an LIC?

Low Income country- they have a GNI per capita below $1045

Give 3 examples of LICs

Zimbabwe, Malawi, Niger

What is a megacity?

A city with over 10mil living in it

What is natural increase?

The natural growth of a population due to the number of births exceeding deaths

Is population growth more likely in HIC’s or LIC’s?

LIC’s

What are the top 5 megacities?

1. Tokyo- Japan

2. Jakarta- indonesia

3. Delhi- india

4. Manila- phillipines

5. Seoul- South korea

What are two factors which cause urban growth?

• natural increase/decrease

• Migration

Physical factors which affect how developed a country is

• poor climate

• poor farming land

• Few raw materials

• Lots of natural disasters

Economic factors likely to cause uneven development

• poor trade links

• Lots of debt

• An economy based on primary products

Historical causes of uneven development

Colonisation, conflict

Colonisation

When a country takes control of another area or country, settling its own people there and using the land and resources for its own benefit. Colonised countries tend to have a lower development level when they gain independence compared to countries which haven’t been colonised.

Conflict

Wars and civil wars slow or reduce development even after the war is over- money is spent on arms, healthcare and rebuilding the country

Strategies to reduce the global development gap

• investment

• Aid

• Fair trade

• Using intermediate technology

• Industrial development

• Debt relief

FDI

Foreign-direct investment, where people or companies buy properties or invest in infrastructure of another country

Aid

Money or resources given to a country by a charity or foreign country

Fair trade

A movement about farmers in LICs getting a fair price for the goods they produce & allowing them to provide for their families

Intermediate technology

Includes tools, machines and systems that improve the quality of life but are also simple to use, affordable to buy or build & cheap to maintain

Microfinance loans

Small loans given to people in LICs who may not be able to get loans from banks- this allows them to start businesses and become financially independent

Industrial development

In countries with low levels of development, agriculture makes up a large portion of the economy. Developing industry boosts the GNI and development, as productivity, skills and infrastructure has improved

Where are science and business parks often found in the UK?

• on the outskirts of cities near to housing and good transport links- eg motorways and airports

• Near universities so that research business in science parks can work with university research

Why has the number of business and science parks grown in the UK?

• there is a large and growing demand for high-tech products, science parks can help develop new technology for these products

• The UK has a high number of respected universities for businesses on science parks to form links with

• Clusters of related businesses in one area can boost eachother

What are the three main causes of economic change in the uk?

De-industrialisation, Globalisation, Government policies

What are the negative impacts on the environment of industry

• factories may release pollutants or greenhouse gases, and running them uses lots of energy & water

• Extracting raw materials, eg, mining can also damage the environment by destroying habitats and releasing toxic chemicals into water courses

Evidence of the uks improving transport networks

• the proposed HS2 railway line linking London, Birmingham and Leeds and Manchester- this will increase capacity and allow transport between the major cities

• Airports- the government has agreed a new runway is needed at heathrow- this would allow 700 extra flights a day

The UKs economic and political links with other countries

• The commonwealth- it promotes coorperation between members countries, eg, between trade aid and sport