2.10-2.12 Vocab

Migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary Migration

movement made by choice

Push Factors

negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where a person lives that compels them to leave

Pull Factors

Destination chosen based on its positive conditions and circumstances

Emigrate

when people migrate away from somewhere else

Economic Push Factors

• Lack jobs & economic opportunities (ex: unemployment; less available jobs)

Economic Pull Factors

• greater chance for economic prosperity

• more or new job opportunities

Social Push Factors

• discrimination or persecution because of ethnicity, race, gender, or religion; violence

Social Pull Factors

• kinship links

• safe environment to practice culture; safer social conditions

Political Push Factors

• disagree with government policies

• discrimination, arrest, persecution

Political Pull Factors

• protection/safe from government

Environment Push Factors

• natural disasters, drought; environmental stress

• unfavorable environmental conditions

Environmental Pull Factors

• favorable environmental conditions

Demographic Push and Pull Factors

• unbalanced demographics (ex: gender imbalance)

• too young → overpopulation

Migration Transition Model

• countries in stage 2 & 3 of the DTM: rapid pop. growth and overcrowding = push factor

• Stage 4 & 5: economic opportunity and aging pop. = pull factors

Demographic Pull Factors

• aging population

• more space (not overpopulated)

• more balanced demographics

Intervening Obstacles

barriers that make reaching the desired destination more difficult

Intervening opportunities

Migrants encounter opportunities en route that disrupt their original migration plan

ex: finding a job along the way

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

migration tendencies and demographics → migration theory

• Short Distance

• Urban Areas

• Multiple Steps

• Rural to Urban

• Counter Migration

• Youth

• Gender Patterns

Distance Decay

the further apart two places are, the less likely it is that people will migrate between those places

Gravity model of migration

model that assumes the size and distance between two cities or counties will influence the amount of interaction that include migration, travel, and economic activity

Step migration

a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

counter migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

Forced Migration

migrants have no choice but to move

Internally displaced persons (IDPs)

If forced migrants move to another part of the same country

Refugees

If forced migrants cross international borders

Asylum

protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if they return

internal migration

voluntary movement that occurs within a country

Transnational Migration

when people voluntarily move from one country to another; internationally

chain migration

Migrants’ decision to settle where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled

Guest Workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally

Transhumance

process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

Homestead Act

• policy that attracted immigrants

• U.S. gov. gave land to settlers willing to stay and farm it for 5 years

Guest-worker policies

regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

family reunification

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

remittances

money sent to family and friends in the country a migrant left

brain drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

ethnic enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group

ex: Little Italy, Chinatown

The Great Migration

• Americans migrated from South to cities in the rest of the country

• Pull Factors: Factory Jobs

• Push Factors: racial discrimination, violence, poverty

Sun Belt Migration

• Migration from Northeast & Midwest to the South

• Highway systems & house subsidies → move anywhere

• Pull Factors: hot climates, stable benefits for retirees, lower costs of living in Sun Belt

• Push Factors: cold climates, decline in job opportunity