Chemical Processes Review

Bronsted lowry
Donor
Lewis
Acceptor

_________________ acid is a proton __________
_________________ acid is an electron __________

Kw=Ka*Kb

Equation for H3O and OH concentration

1.0*10^-14

Kw=

Ka
Kb

Molarity of H3O+ represented by _____
Molarity of OH- represented by ______

-log[H3O+]

pH=

HClO4
HCl
HBr
HI
H2SO4
HNO3

Six strong acids

-logKa

pKa=

Acidic
Neutral
Basic

Salts formed from strong acid and weak base are ___________
Salts formed from strong acid and strong base are ___________
Salts formed from weak acid and strong base are ___________

pH=pKa+log[A-]/[HA]

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Used to find pH of buffer solution

14

pH + pOH =

Titrant
Titrand (Analyte)

Solution of known concentration (_______________) is used to titrate a solution of unknown concentration (______________)

Equivalence point

Point in titration where the titrant and titrand neutralize each other

Methyl red 4-6
Bromthymol blue 6-8
Phenolphthalein 8-10

Indicator that goes from red to yellow is _______________
Approximate pH range of ____________

Indicator that goes from yellow to blue is _______________
Approximate pH range of ____________

Indicator that goes from clear to pink is _______________
Approximate pH range of ____________

Acetate

(Ion name)
CH₃COO⁻

Permanganate

(Ion name)
MnO₄⁻

Nitrate
Nitrite

(Ion name)
NO₃⁻
NO₂⁻

Perchlorate
Chlorate
Chlorite
Hypochlorite

(Ion name)
ClO₄⁻
ClO₃⁻
ClO₂⁻
ClO⁻

Sulfate
Sulfite

(Ion name)
SO₄²⁻
SO₃²⁻

Carbonate

(Ion name)
CO₃²⁻

Bicarbonate (Hydrogen carbonate)

(Ion name)
HCO₃⁻

Phosphate

(Ion name)
PO₄³⁻

Chromate

(Ion name)
CrO₄²⁻

Dichromate

(Ion name)
Cr₂O₇²⁻

Oxalate

(Ion name)
C₂O₄²⁻

Peroxide

(Ion name)
O₂²⁻

Thiocyanate

(Ion name)
SCN⁻

Thiosulfate

(Ion name)
S₂O₃²⁻

Hydration

Ion broken off and surrounded by polar water molecules

Ksp

Solubility constant (equilibrium constant for soluble compound in soultion)

Kf

Formation constant for complex ions

Keq=Kf*Ksp

Formula to find equilibrium constant for solubility with complex ion formation

Linear
180

Molecular geometry for 2 electron groups
Bond angle=

Trigonal planar
120

Molecular geometry for 3 electron groups
Bond angle=

Tetrahedral
109.5

Molecular geometry for 4 electron groups
Bond angle=

Trigonal bipyramidal
120 equitorial
90 axial

Molecular geometry for 5 electron groups
Bond angle=

Octahedral
90

Molecular geometry for 6 electron groups
Bond angle=

Bent
<120

Molecular geometry for 3 electron groups, 1 lone pair
Bond angle=

Trigonal pyramidal
<109.5

Molecular geometry for 4 electron groups, 1 lone pair
Bond angle=

Bent
<109.5

Molecular geometry for 4 electron groups, 2 lone pairs
Bond angle=

Seesaw
<120 equitorial
<90 axial

Molecular geometry for 5 electron groups, 1 lone pair
Bond angle=

T shaped
<90

Molecular geometry for 5 electron groups, 2 lone pairs
Bond angle=

Linear
<180

Molecular geometry for 5 electron groups, 3 lone pairs
Bond angle=

Square pyramidal
<90

Molecular geometry for 6 electron groups, 1 lone pair
Bond angle=

Square planar
90

Molecular geometry for 6 electron groups, 2 lone pairs
Bond angle=

Enantiomers

Chiral (optically active) isomers that are mirror images of each other

+ (D)
- (L)

Enantiomer that rotates polarized light clockwise is represented by a _____
Enantiomer that rotates polarized light counterclockwise is represented by a _____

R
S

Chiral center where curved arrow from highest to lowest priority group is clockwise

Chiral center where curved arrow from highest to lowest priority group is counterclockwise

Enantiomeric excess

Measured excess of one enantiomer over the other in a racemic mixture

Teratogenic

______________ fetus develops horribly mishapen/misplaced parts (S-thalidomide does this)

Structural isomers (constitutional isomers)

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure

Stereoisomers

Compounds with the same structural formula, but different 3D arrangement of bonds

Diastereomers

Non superimposable non mirror images (some chirality centers are opposite, some are the same)

Cis
Trans

Isomer with identical groups on same side of double bond

Isomer with identical groups on opposite side of double bond

Z
E

Isomer with higher priority groups on same side of double bond

Isomer with higher priority groups on opposite side of double bond

Staggered
Eclipsed

Conformation around C-C single bond where substituents are evenly spaced

Conformation around C-C single bond where substituents overlap

Intramolecular
Intermolecular

___________________ forces are between two atoms within a molecule
__________________ forces are between two different molecules

Metallic
Ionic
Polar covalent
Nonpolar covalent

Order of four intramolecular forces from strongest to weakest

Hydrogen bond
Dipole dipole
Van der waal (London dispersion)

Order of three intermolecular forces from strongest to weakest

F
O
N

Atoms that participate in hydrogen bonding

Sigma
Pi

___________ bond is formed by direct overlap of two orbitals
___________ bond is formed by side-by-side overlap of two orbitals

Steric number

Number of sigma bonds + number of lone pairs; reveals hybridization of molecule

Eluent
Eluate

Solvent being poured into a chromatography column is _________________
Fluid exiting chromatography column is ______________

Size exclusion chromatography

Ion exchange chromatography

Adenine

Guanine

Thymine

Cytosine

Uracil

Saponification (Base-catalyzed ester hydrolysis)

Starting point for all fat metabolism reactions

Hydrolyzable
Nonhydrolyzable

_______________ lipids can be broken down (used for energy)
______________ lipids function as signaling molecules/cofactors

Sphingolipid

Lipid found in myelin sheath

Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)

Drug such as aspirin or ibuprofen that stops production of prostaglandins

Prostaglandins

Hormones that are inhibited by NSAIDs

Eicosanoids

20-Carbon lipids that signal effect in immediate area
(includes prostglandins)

A
D
E
K

Four fat soluble vitamins

A (retinol)

Vitamin ___ is needed for light sensitivity and healthy mucus membranes

D

Vitamin ___ regulates phosphorus and calcium metabolism

E

Vitamin ___ is an antioxidant that protects neurological function

K

Vitamin ___ regulates the synthesis of prothrombin

Glycoside hydrolysis

Reaction that forms glycosidic bonds

Beta
Alpha

Glycosidic linkage from cis OH groups (both equitorial or both axial)

Glycosidic linkage from trans OH groups (one equitorial one axial)

Non reducing

_______________ sugar

Reducing

_______________ sugar

First
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

__________ step of citric acid cycle uses aldol reaction

Cleavage of ____________________________ in glycolysis and formation of it in gluconeogenesis are aldol and retro-aldol reactions

Reactant
Product

pKa(___________ acid) - pKa(__________ acid) = pKeq

Kinetic
Thermodynamic

________________ enolate forms faster
______________ enolate is more stable

Small
High
Large
Low

_______________ base and __________ temperature favors thermodynamic enolate
_______________ base and __________ temperature favors kinetic enolate

Aldol

al
one
carbaldehyde

Suffix for aldehydes=
Suffix for ketones=
Suffix for aldehyde attached to a ring=

Dione

Molecule with two ketones

Hemiacetal

Hemiketal

Acetal

Aldehyde or ketone + excess alcohol in acidic environment ⇌ ____________________

Basic

Acetals are stable in ______________ conditions

Thioacetal

Carbinolamine

Oxime

Hydrazone

Alcohol

Ketone or aldehyde + NaBH4 → ____________