Chapter 24

alimentary system

is the system of the mouth through the GI tract

Plaque

bacteria filled clumps that surround the teeth

alimentary system

is the system of the mouth through the GI tract

Plaque

bacteria filled clumps that surround the teeth

Caries

cavities caused by strep mutants that erode the enamel of the teeth

Gingivitis

inflammation the gums and tissues around the teeth

can progress to trench mouth

Trench mouth

an over growth of spirochetes, ulcers, and necrosis

periodontal disease

gram negative anaerobes which cause inflammation in the gums, root of the tooth, and jaw bone.

Can be treated with deep cleaning and prevented with good teether brushing

infection

the colonization of microbes

symptoms usually occur 1-3 days after infection

intoxication

caused by eating toxins

symptoms usually occur within hours of eating

Helicobacter gastritis

caused by helicobacter pylori from inflammation and ulcers in the stomach

the microbe swims through the stomach mucosa and attaches to stomach cells

causes the stomach to produce less mucus and the HCl destroys the stomach lining

-treat with proton pump inhibitor

Staph food poisoning

an intoxication that occurs from temperature abuse that is leaving food out at room temperature for longer than 2 hours.

it is NOT destroyed after reheating

- no effective treatment, just supportive care

Salmonellosis

the microbe invades cells causing nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Transmitted by pets (turtle, guinea pigs, hamsters, meat, milk, chocolate, and contaminated mamajuana)

- treated with amoxicillin

Typhoid fever

caused by salmonella typhi-invades the bloodstream.

hemorrhage, fever, and shock occur.

transmitted by contaminated food and water and sexually transmitted in homosexual males

- treated with chloramphenicol

Shigellosis

microbes spread throughout the intestinal cells causing watery diarrhea with mucus for 7-10 days

also called dysentery

- treated with nalidixic acid

- spread person to person or contaminated food and water

Cholera

caused by Vibrio cholera

releases an enterotoxin and enzymes that digest mucus.

transmitted through water and seafood

causes severe diarrhea, circulatory shock, and death in a few days

- treated with tetracycline and hydration

Traveller's diarrhea

caused by a strain of E coli. that attaches and produces a toxin that causes fluid release.

is transmitted by food, water, objects, or direct contact.

causes fever, diarrhea, and cramps for about a week

- can be treated with doxycycline

Campylobacterosis

the leading cause of diarrhea in the US

causes vomiting and fever

transmitted by poultry and cats

treated with erythromycin and it can progress to Guillain-Barré syndrome which is paralysis of the extremities then the body.

about 80% recover

Yersinia

produces a toxin and invades tissue causing a fever, diarrhea, vomiting, and cramps

it mimics appendicitis.

Spread by contaminated food and person to person contact

usually self limiting

Clostridiodes difficile

diarrhea that can be life threatening.

caused by gram positive spore forming rods that can be anaerobes

produces toxins that can be pseudomembranes

they overgrown after normal microbes have been killed by normal antibiotics

- multiple antibiotics and treatments with antibiotics

cold sores

caused by human herpes simplex 1 virus- also called fever blisters

transmission is an oral or respiratory route

90% of the population have been infected.

stays dormant usually and reactivates from time to time.

mumps

viral infection of the parotid glands

fever, headache, swelling, meningitis, and sterility.

transmitted by inhalation

- no effective treatment but a vaccine is available

CMV

causes fever, fatigue, enlarged nodes and spleen, and birth defects

transmitted in body secretions

80% of the population has it

- no effective treatment

Rotavirus

causes vomiting, fever, diarrhea, fatal dehydration, transmitted by the fecal oral route, contaminated food, water, or direct contact

- vaccine available for prevention

Norovirus

causes nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

spread by the fecal oral route through contaminated food, water, person to person contact (highly contagious)

notorious for causing outbreaks on cruise ships, dorms, and hospitals.

- reduced by washing hands and surfaces but there is not treatment

- self limited

hepatitis

6 known types (most are viral infections)

fever, fatigue, and nausea can progress to liver failure and cancer

spread by fecal oral route, blood, or semen

- there is a vaccine available (type A & B), B and C cause liver cancer

Giardiasis

caused by Giardia Lamblia

clogs the intestine and gallbladder causing malnutrition.

Causes abdominal pain and is spread by contaminated water

-treated with quinacine and flagyl

Amoebic dysentery

caused by entamoeba histolytica

produces diarrhea for months to years

can cause abscesses in the liver and other organs

transmitted by food or water

- treated with flagyl pr metronidazole

cryptosporidiosis

protozoan parasite causes fever, cramps, and diarrhea

spread by the fecal oral route and contaminated food or water

- treated with nitazoxanide

(the patient sheds the microbe for weeks after recovery)

Tapeworms

are abtained from eating cysts in undercooked meat- no symptoms

- treated with niclosamide or praziquantel

Hydatid disease

caused by echinococcus (dog and cat tapeworm)

the tapeworm migrates to an organ and forms fluid filled cysts that can rupture and cause shock or death (commonly affects the brain and the lungs)

- treated with albendazole or surgical removal

Pinworms

caused by enterobius

causes anal itching abdominal nightmares

transmitted by water or contact

- treated with pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole

Hookworms

caused by necator

attached to the intestinal wall and feeds on blood and tissue.

causes anemia and lethargy.

transmitted by burrowing into the feet from the dirt

- wear shoes and mebendazole

Trichinosis

causes muscle pain and swelling from consuming undercooked trichinella in pork, bear, or contaminated ground meat

the worm migrates from the intestines to a muscle

produces splinter hemorrhages in the nails

- treated with mebendazole and steroids

pica

a craving for an unusual substance- common in worm infections (dirt soap, glass, etc...)