Geography - Changing population

Stage 1

Stage 1

High and variable:

• high birth and death rates

• population growth fluctuates

• only tribes are at this stage

Stage 2

Early expanding:

• high birth rates, low death rates

• population growth is rapid

• ex: Afghanistan, Sudan, Libya

Stage 3

Late expanding:

• drop in birth rates, low death rate

• slow population rate

• ex: Brazil, Argentina

Stage 4

Low and variable:

• birth and death rates are low

• population growth fluctuates

• ex: UK, Canada

Stage 5

Low declining:

• birth rates are lower than death rates

• population declines

• ex: Japan

Total fertility rate (TFR)

The average number of birth per woman

Life expectancy

The average number of years that I person is expected to live.

Dependency ratios

Measures the working population and dependent population.

Causes of forced migration

• Conflict

• Development

• Disaster

Pro-natalist policy

Wishes from the government to increase its population size

Anti-natalist policy

Wishes from the government to limit its population size

GNI (Gross national income)

Measure of a country’s total economic output

First world country

Developed country

ex: USA, Netherlands, France

Second world country

Aligned to the Eastern/Soviet bloc

ex: Poland, Hungary, Romania

Third world country

Developing country

ex: Brazil, South Africa, Egypt

Population Distribution

The arrangement or spread of people across a particular area or region.

Population Density

The number of people living per unit of area.

Demography

The scientific study of human population (including size, distribution…)

Overpopulation

A situation where the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

ex: India, China, Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia

Population pyramid

A graphical representation of the age and sex distribution of a population displayed in a pyramid.

Dependency ratio

Measure of the proportion of the economically dependent population to the economically productive population in a given area.

"The aging population in Japan has resulted in a higher dependency ratio, with a larger proportion of elderly individuals compared to the working-age population, placing a tension on the country's social welfare systems."

Death/Mortality rate

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given population within a specific period, typically a year.

ex: Japan, Sweden, Iceland (low)

Chad, Afghanistan, Bolivia (high)

Push factors

Conditions that encourage or force individuals to leave their current location and migrate somewhere else.

Pull factors

Conditions that attract individuals to migrate to a particular location or country.

Voluntary Migration

When individuals choose to move for reasons such as better employment opportunities, education, or quality of life.

Refugees

Individuals forced to leave their country due to persecution, war, or violence and seek refuge in another country.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People forced to leave their homes but remain in the same country.

Sustainable Population Growth

Population growth that is maintained without damaging resources and the environment, ensuring a balanced relationship between people and the environment.

ex: Scandinavian countries, Netherlands, Australia

Megacities

Extremely large cities, typically with populations exceeding 10 million people.

ex: São Paulo, Tokyo, Shanghai

Urbanization

The process by which a growing population lives in urban areas (cities) rather than rural areas.

Underpopulation

When the population of an area is too small to utilize the available resources effectively.

ex: Mongolia, Estonia, Greenland

Population distribution

The arrangement of people in a given area, indicating where people live within a region or country.

ex: "China's population distribution is significant in its coastal provinces, particularly in cities like Shanghai and Beijing”