Science: Year 10 AT1

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31 Terms

1
Ion
An ion is an atom that has lost or gained electrons. A positive ion is a cation, and a negative ion is an anion.
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2
Ions representation
Ions are represented by drawing the nucleus and electron shells, enclosed by brackets with the ion’s charge.
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3
Ionic bonds formation
Ionic bonds are formed through the electrostatic attraction between cations and anions, resulting in a stable compound.
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4
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is formed when two non-metal atoms share valence electrons. Represented with a dot and cross diagram.
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5
Law of Conservation of Mass
In every chemical equation, mass must be conserved, meaning the mass of the reactants equals the mass of the products.
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6
Influence on conservation of mass
The outside atmosphere can affect mass conservation, as gases can escape or enter the atmosphere.
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7
Balancing chemical equations process
Identify the elements, determine the charges (especially of transition metals), and balance the equation.
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8
Neutralisation reaction

Acid + Base → Water + Salt; is a type of double displacement reaction.

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9
General equation for acid + metal
Acids + Metals → Salt + Hydrogen.
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10
Precipitation reaction
A precipitation reaction occurs when two aqueous solutions react to form a solid precipitate.
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11
States in writing precipitation reactions
Indicate whether reactants and products are solid (s), liquid (l), gas (g), or aqueous (aq).
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12
pH
pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
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13
Properties of acids

Proton donors (H⁺), have a Sour taste, can Corrosive, Dissolve in water to form acidic solutions

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14
Properties of bases

Proton acceptors (OH⁻), have a Bitter taste and Slippery feel, Dissolve in water to form basic solutions, and can be corrosive or caustic.

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15
Properties of neutral substances
Neutral substances are formed by mixing an acid and a base; they are not corrosive.
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16
Indicators purpose
Indicators change color to show whether a solution is acidic, neutral, or basic.
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17
Universal Indicator role
Universal Indicator shows a full range of pH values by changing color.
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18
Litmus paper use
Litmus paper classifies whether a substance is acidic (red), basic (blue), or neutral (no change).
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19
Difference between Litmus paper and Universal Indicator
Litmus paper indicates acidity or basicity; Universal Indicator shows the full pH range.
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20
Risk assessment purpose
A risk assessment identifies hazards in an experiment and sets safety measures to minimize harm.
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21
Safety Data Sheet
A Safety Data Sheet provides information on hazards, handling, and first-aid measures for a chemical.
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22
Acid + carbonate reaction
Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water.
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23
Safety measures for working with acids
Wear goggles, gloves, and a lab coat; be prepared for spills and follow first-aid procedures.
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24

What is the difference between strong and weak acids/bases in terms of dissociation?

  • Strong Acids/Bases: Fully dissociate in water (one-way arrow). High concentration of ion (H/OH)

  • Weak Acids/Bases: Partially dissociate, meaning some undissociated molecules are still present. (reversible arrow). Low concentration of ion (OH)

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25

Acids and bases (in water)

Acids and bases are chemicals that are effective proton donors (H⁺) or acceptors (OH⁻) when dissolved in water. In their pure form, they may not show acidic or basic properties until they dissolve in water to dissociate into their respective ions.

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26

Define an aqueous solution

A mixture where a substance is dissolved in water.

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27

Endothermic reaction

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy, usually in the form of heat, causing the temperature of the surroundings to drop.

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28

Exothermic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat, causing the temperature of the surroundings to rise.

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29

How to test for oxygen

Blow out a match, and place it in a test tube with oxygen, if it relights, oxygen is present.

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30

Naming covalent compounds

We use prefixes to identify the amount of each atom; but if the first has only one we remove the prefix

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31

Prefixes

di 2 tri 3 tetra 4 penta 5 hexa 6 hepta 7

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