IT ERA 3 ✩°｡⋆⸜ 🎧✮

Improving people's well-being and enlarging their freedoms and opportunities

What is the process of human development?

Dr. Mahbub ul Haq

Who developed the concept of Human Development?

Dr. Mahbub ul Haq

He posited that the true purpose of development is to improve people’s lives. He believed that GDP or Gross Domestic Product measures failed to measure true human progress or well-being.

Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen

Who did Dr. Mahbub ul Haq worked with?

the first Human Development Report

What did Dr. Mahbub ul Haq published which was commissioned by the United Nations Development Programme?

Capability Approach

What is central to human development where the concept of capabilities is the equipment one has to strive for and pursue to have a life of value?

Capabilities

_________ are the things that people can do and what they can become; these are what they value for a fulfilling life.

True

T/F: Aside from our own doing, societal conditions and institutions either expand or constrain our capabilities.

Aristotle and Adam Smith

Certain aspects of the Capability Approach may be linked to ______ and _______.

Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen

Who are credited for their development and proliferation?

False (it prioritizes)

T/F: In contrast with other theories of well-being that focus on subjective measures or material things and means such as income, the capability approach singles out the actual opportunity of the ability of "beings and doings."

in the first Human Development Report of Dr. Mahbub ul Haq

Where was the new approach in advance of human well-being introduced?

Human Development Index

It was developed as an alternative to money metrics like the GDP. It has since then become one of the most widely used metrics that measures well- being around the world than just indices confined to income.

Humn Development Index

What was used as an official government statistic?

Human Development

______ encompasses all aspects of development; it is holistic in its approach.

Foreign Trade

_______ actually came ahead of industrialization by thousands of years. Nations or people from communities or islands traveled far and wide just to trade, as evidenced by the travels of the early explorers.

Industrialization

_______ began around the middle of the eighteenth century in Great Britain. It involved innovations in iron smelting, the invention of the steam engine, the production of steel and railways, steamships, and other transport, among others.

Industrialization

_______ boosted trade, and the trade spread industrialization to other nations.

Trade and industrialization

_____ and ______ are integral to human development, even if they are mainly related to economic growth; their ensuing opportunities enlarge people’s opportunities and choices for better well-being.

Economists and policymakers

_____ and ______ agree that governments in developing countries need to provide the infrastructure, promote market efficiency, and foster a stable macroeconomic environment to ensure that trade and industrialization happen in and outside their country.

UN Millenium Summit

The _______ held last September of the year 2000 adopted 8 Millennium Development Goals or MDGs.

Millenium Development Goals (MDGs)

The _______ involve eight goals and represent a holistic approach to development with targets in the areas of economic, social, health, education, gender, and the environment.

• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

• Achieve universal primary education

• Promote gender equality and empowering women

• Reduce child mortality

• Improve maternal health

• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

• Ensure environmental sustainability

• Develop a global partnership for the development

What are the 8 goals of the Millennium Development Goals?

Love of humanity

What is the broad definition of Philanthropy?

Philanthropy

It is where private resources are voluntarily mobilized to meet human needs, alleviate suffering, and tackle the systemic challenges that hinder human development.

through the institutions of civil society

How does Philanthropy become a contributor to social change and advancement?

Philanthropy

Previously seen as a marginal player in international cooperation discourse, ______ now plays a growing role. It flows or aid is ever increasing as a proportion of overall financial flows.

True

T/F: As an expression of human generosity, the culture of giving is present in every culture and reflects the world’s cultures and religions.

Global Philanthropy

What is central to the sustainability of global civil society?

The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century

It is a book by Thomas Friedman (2007), proposes and emphasizes that due to certain events and developments, the world is becoming flat.

Thomas Friedman

He thinks that there are ten flatteners that made the business field the way it is today, where geography and history are marred.

The coming down of the Berlin Wall on the 11^th of September 1989

It is the first flattener. The Cold War has ended, and countries, companies, and individuals are able to join the economic mainstream - capitalism. Countries that allow connections and trades to prosper showed an increase in interdependence. Friedman called the period of the 90s ‘The New Age of Creativity because of the opportunity of each individual to access and share information through computers.

Netscape going public

The second flattener is _______ and introducing new tools such as web browsers and the Internet. The world has become smaller because the Internet eliminates physical barriers. Communication and transfer of information through long distances are made faster and easier.

the existence of a wide range of software standards

The third flattener is ________ that allows every individual to do more using their computers (Boudreaux, 2008)”. This workflow software of codes is the language of computers that makes it possible for the said computers to send, receive, and read data anywhere in the world.

the ability to upload information and content from the computer

The fourth force is _________ onto a network (Boudreaux, 2008). Through open-source software like Wikipedia and YouTube, every individual can be an actual contributor or creator of new information. However, according to Friedman (2007), creating and uploading information can be very disruptive. Nobody really knows if the information is true or false. It may also lead to the downfall of many companies.

Outsourcing

Third-party sub-contracting to cut costs and increase efficiency has been the trend for more and more companies. _______ is the fifth flattener. Whether it be the distribution of services or manufacturing products, outsourcing is the way for companies to perform better and save money. This endeavor is made easier through the installation of fiber optics cables worldwide, which makes information and data transfer faster.

Offshoring

The sixth flattener is _______. When the production plant of a company is moved from one country to another, it is called offshoring. This happens because of several reasons, like lower taxes or cheaper labor.

Supply chaining

_______ is the 7th flattener (Holmes, 2008). It is increasing the connection between suppliers, retailers, to consumers. Boundaries between consumers and manufacturers are virtually eliminated or minimized. Coupled with the use of advanced technology, supply chaining is found to be one of the best methods to promote efficiency.

Insourcing

The 8th flattener is ________. This happens when one company hires another company to handle its supply chain.

Informing

The 9th flattener is _______. It deals with the easy access to obtaining information specifically provided by the World Wide Web through various search engines. A lot of power is placed into the people's hands, all with just a click of the mouse.

the steroids

The 10th and final flattener is called _______. According to Friedman, there are three types of these.

digital steroids

The ever-changing trends in computer technology are ______.

Mobile steroids

________ allow users to work from anywhere, such as wireless Internet.

personal steroids

these are when inventions are cheap and small enough to be utilized by individuals

True

T/F: But many experts believe that Friedman’s ten flatteners are somewhat lopsided because he has only concentrated on the effects of globalization in the economic field.

political and social sectors

To provide a thorough conclusion on the ways globalization affects a country, _____ and ______ should also be taken into account.

Poverty

It is the main cause of global inequality. As long as it exists, there will be no flat world.

USA vs. World Economy

The world is generally dependent on the US Dollar, creating an imbalance in the world economy

Half flat world

This is when local governments fail, which could be due to corrupt officials or mismanaged governments

Middle East

the never-ending wars in the Middle East and the threat of terrorism worldwide could set up walls in different countries

Digital divide

people are either connected to the Internet or not, creating division and imbalance

Suppression

suppression from within the family, culture, or governments

Tribalization

A strong cultural and personal identity could lead to misunderstanding and could lead to wars when taken to the extreme. An example could be the ongoing tensions in the South China Sea, territorial disputes of countries could trigger wars, and there is a definite imbalance as to who is more technologically advanced in weaponry.

hyperglobalist approach

The _________ represents the first wave. It is focused on the idea of globalization as economic transformation and conceives globalization as the inevitable emergence of a single global capitalist market economy.

neoclassical and Marxist perspective

The hyperglobalist approach covers two perspectives, what are these?

skeptical approach

The _______ disputes the reality of globalization as a structural change as the second wave. For this approach, the world is not globalized nor globalizing; globalization does not exist. Countries or nations have the influential power to counter the effects of globalization.

materialistic perspective

These first three waves offer a _______ of globalization regarding the structural change. It does not take into account the people who, in their human behavior, act as the main drivers in the structural context and material interests of their location (Berry 2008).

variegated approach

The fourth wave represents a ______ where Berry (2008, 2011) includes four main perspectives.

• Hay’s third wave of globalization theory

• post-structuralist

• neo-Gramscian

• ideological ones

What are the four main perspectives of the fourth wave of globalization?

Hay’s perspective

According to _________, certain economic and political actors producing a set of ideas to justify or legitimate change is globalization. It draws upon the skeptical approach, where empirical investigations of these ideas are the focus with the purpose of showing that globalization is a false idea.

Post-structuralist perspective

________ posits that globalization is a set of connected events which prescribes a new role for the state, the state being an exclusive economic actor subject to economic logic incapable of shaping the economy from an independent point and relating with its citizens only in economistic terms.

neo-Gramscian perspective

The ________ focuses its analysis on both the structural and the ideational dimensions of globalization. This perspective conceives globalization as a form of intellectual power expressed through the knowledge system of neoliberal ideology and propagated by institutional authority (Rupert 2000; Mittelman 2004; Antoniades 2007).

fourth wave approach

The _______ proposed a radical change of perspective on the analysis of globalization. It moved the focus from the discourse about the fact that the world is not globalized or globalizing to globalization beliefs themselves.

Globalization

_______ is thus considered an ideational force that influences human action and policymaking.

Internet

The ______, arguably one of the most transformational technological innovations in human history, has definitely contributed to how the world is connected.

44 percent

Although internet growth has slowed down in the last four years, and by early 2016, only an estimated ______ of the world’s population are connected to the global digital economy.

56 percent

Strictly speaking, the rest of the world (_____) is not yet connected to the World Wide Web.

Connectivity Market

_______ seeks to provide affordable and reliable internet access.

• to modernize the technology base or the networks that carry data

• building decentralized content distribution networks

• to provide developing countries with the backbone of the Internet that enables data to be exchanged nationally and regionally

For the Internet to be affordable universally, on average, data prices need to fall by as much as 90 percent. This can be achieved with the use of three mechanisms.

Content Market

The ______ eeks to create relevant uses or reasons for people to go online.

Education

In developing countries, one of the most important consumer purchases is ________.

E-government services versus physical locations

What reduce transaction costs in terms of time, money, and hassle?

Retail Market

The _______ helps people discover the Internet and how vast it is. It also acts as the sales and service arm of the Internet industry.

• consultative selling channels

• low-cost or free discovery of the Internet through brand or subscriber-subsidized access

• to offer simplified value propositions

What are the three retail market mechanisms that can bring more people online?

disruptive technologies

A universal inclusion mechanism is _________ that bring the hardest to reach the market or people online.

• Modernize networks

• Decentralize content distribution

• Build more national and international Internet infrastructure

• Fulfill the need for educational materials and services

• Improve social services offerings

• Provide economic opportunity

• Build more consultative distribution channels

• Reduce discovery costs

• Simplify the value proposition

• Disrupting for the last half-billion

What are the 10 mechanisms necessary for global inclusion or access and connection to the world?

True

T/F: The technology used in the right way may very well end global poverty.

Brian Singer

He predicted in 2015 that emerging markets would be served well by having access to a cheap and transparent payment system through Blockchain.

Blockchain

It is public records of transactions made in cryptocurrency, such as Bitcoin. A transparent ledger, it prevents falsified land deeds from stealing the land of small farmers. It does not need a physical building. It can save foreign money and optimize a developing economy through the data provided.

Smart Survey boxes

They collect data on energy quality and power outrages. It is an automated information collection that leaves a very little room for human error and minimizes or even eliminates placing volunteers in unsafe areas. These things would be seem to be an unlikely candidate that can help end poverty. It is important to note that having the right data could be what separates the best response from a wrong action during a crisis event.

Genetically Modified Cops

Although the impact of _____ on other organisms has not been extensively studied and well documented, a study by Penn State concluded that “The technology may be more appropriate for farmers that have difficulty spraying pesticides and herbicides,” it’s easy to prove that it is beneficial to the third world and developing nations.

video games

Despite the negative effects of ____< the games have immense teaching potential when executed positively. An example is an initiative in India described by the United Nations that taught English to children through mobile phone games. Similar projects in Somalia taught money management skills and boosted job training and placement.

digital divide

The _______ pertains to the gap between people who have internet access and those who do not have internet access. It may also be defined in terms of people’s skills in using technology to access and analyze information.

• Technological knowledge.

• Access to computers and technology-related innovations

What are the two characteristics of the digital divide?

Active internet users

Who are the highest users in The Global Digital population as of April 2018?

Unique mobile internet users

Who ranked 2nd in The Global Digital population as of April 2018?

Active social media users

Who ranked 3rd in The Global Digital population as of April 2018?

Active mobile social media users

Who ranked 4th in The Global Digital population as of April 2018?

DOI or Diffusion of Innovations

DOI or Diffusion of Innovations proponents is a study aimed at understanding the what, when, why, and how new technological innovations, advancements, and ideas spread across cultures and in the world.

Social Networking Sites (SNS)

What are one of the past decade's biggest technological innovations?

• Facebook

• Youtube

• Twitter

• Most Blogs

What are some social networking sites?

Diffusion

It refers to the procedure when innovation is accepted in a community of a group of people.

• Innovation itself

• Information dissemination of the diffusion itself

• Time

• The social system where the innovation is introduced

What are the factors that affect diffusion?

Relative Advantage

Refers to the functionality of certain innovations and how users accept this innovation in terms of economic edge, the prestige that comes along with using the innovation, and convenience

Complexity

Refers to the degree of difficulty involved in using or understanding the innovation. It is also referred to as ease of use and the innovation's simplicity

Compatibility

Refers to the consistency of innovation in terms of present values, past experiences, and the need of a potential user compared to other existing innovations.

Trialability

Refers to the opportunity for the prospective user to use the product for testing on a limited-time basis. Actual hands-on experience is necessary for the potential user to use the technology.

Observability

Refers to the opportunity for the user to see the results of a particular innovation. The prospect or potential user will most likely adopt if this is satisfied.

• Income

• Education

• Infrastructure

What are the three determinants of the digital divide?

Income

Ability and capability to purchase and access technology